Geographical Typology and Linguistic Areas -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Contents -- Message from the President -- Center for Corpus-based Linguistics and Language Education -- Introduction -- References -- Areal Features and Linguistic Areas -- 1. Preamble -- 2. Macro-areas, and their features -- 3. Some widespread mechanisms of contact-induced change -- 4. Convergence zones and mechanisms of areal diffusion: an Amazonianexample -- 4.1. Backdrop: Amazonian versus Andine linguistic types -- 4.2. The Multilingual Vaupés River Basin as a low-tier linguistic area -- 4.3. Parallel grammaticalization: the comparative construction -- 4.4. Developing evidentials: different mechanisms, similar results -- 5. To conclude -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Areas of Grammaticalization and Geographical Typology -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. On sprachbunds (linguistic areas) -- 1.2. Grammaticalization areas -- 2. A micro-area of grammaticalization -- 3. An areal typology of refl exive markers in Africa -- 3.1. Types and sources of refl exive markers -- 3.2. The noun channel -- 3.3. From noun to functional category: Grammaticalization -- 3.4. Discussion -- 3.5. Areal distribution -- 4. Discussion: Reanalyzing sprachbunds -- 5. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Case Marking and Linguistic Geography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Case studies: Cushitic languages -- 2.1. Accusative languages -- 2.2. Marked Nominative languages -- 3. Diachronic observations -- 4. Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Can Ethiopian Languages be Considered Languages in the African Linguistic Area? The Case of Highland East Cushitic, particularly Sidaama and Kambaata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Literature Review -- 3. Should HEC Languages be Considered as Languages in the African Linguistic Area? -- 3.1. African Properties in HEC Languages.

3.2. Challenges to the Quantitative Approach to Defi ning Linguistic Areas -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Proto-Bantu and Proto-Niger-Congo: Macroareal Typology and Linguistic Reconstruction -- 1. Bantu and Niger-Congo in their macro-areal context -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Macro-Sudan belt -- 1.3. The Bantu spread zone -- 2. Towards the early typology of the Bantu clause -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The early verb stem structure of Bantu -- 2.3. The early predicate structure of Bantu -- 3. Towards the role of Bantu for the reconstruction of Niger-Congo -- Abreviations -- References -- Explaining Convergence and the Formation of Linguistic Areas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Defi nitions of linguistic areas -- 3. What is convergence? -- 4. Inferred and attributable meanings -- 5. Am emergence scenario for linguistic areas -- References -- Is Kumam a Creole Language?-A Mechanism of Linguistic Convergence in the Southern Lwo Area -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morphosyntactic convergence in the southern Lwo area -- 2.1. Development of nominal prefi xes -- 2.2. Development of tense morphemes -- 2.3. Development of the verbal system in Kumam -- 3. Concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- The Continuum of Languages in West Tanzania Bantu -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background of Gongwe, Bende, and Pimbwe -- 2.1. Data sources -- 2.2. Location and classifi cation, basic information -- 2.3. Short history of Gongwe -- 3. Data analysis -- 3.1. Shared vocabulary (Lexicostatistics) -- 3.2. Regular sound correspondences -- 3.3. Nominal morphology -- 3.4. Verbal morph -- 3.5. Copula construction -- 3.6. Greetings -- 4. To sum up -- Abbreviations -- References -- Patterns of Linguistic Convergence in the Khoe-speaking Area of Southern Africa -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The NARO-ǁGANA Subgroup -- 3. The East-West Boundary Line.

3.1. ǁGana-Kalahari East Lexical Relations -- 3.2. ǀ Gui-Kalahari East Lexical Relations -- 3.3. ǂ Haba-Kalahari East Lexical Relations -- 4. Ts'ixa: A Classic Case of Convergent Development in Khoe? -- 4.1. Phonological Features -- 4.2. Morphological Features -- 4.3. Lexical Features -- 5. KXOE Infl uence on Danisi -- 5.1. Phonological Features -- 5.2. Morphological Features -- 5.3. Lexical Transfers -- 6. Concluding Remark -- Abbreviations -- Genetic classification of Khoe -- References -- Tense and Aspect in Khoesan: The case of Ju/'hoansi -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Botswana Languages -- 3. Linguistic Situation -- 4. Tense and Temporal Reference -- 5. Tense and Aspect markers in Ju/'hoansi -- 5.1. The present tense markers -- 5.2. The past tense markers -- 5.3. The future markers -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Ritual Pathways: Contact in a Framework of Difference, Imitation and Alterity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. On Mimesis -- 3. Difference, Imitation, and Alterity -- 4. Contact Along River Systems -- 4.1. Probabilities of Contact Phenomena -- 4.2. Replacing Basic Vocabulary -- 4.3. Inventing a Similar Language -- 4.4. Dominant Language as Sympathetic Magic -- 4.5. Mimesis of the Secret -- 5. Conclusive Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- The Eastern Kalahari Khoe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethnic and language names according to the Salt Pans Khoisan communities -- 3. The Eastern Kalahari Khoe in Khoisan Classifi cation -- 4. Eastern Kalahari Khoe Ethnic population Distribution around the Salt Pans -- 5. Some phonological differentiation of among the speech communities of the EKK -- 6. The Social dynamics of the communities of Eastern Kalahari Khoe -- 6.1. Language use and attitudes -- 6.2. Some peculiar socio-linguistic situation -- 7. The emergence of Tciretcire and what threatens it -- 8. Conclusion -- References.

Language Contact and Social Change in North-central Namibia -- 1. Caregiver-child interactions among the Ju

2.6. Order of defi nite marker and noun in Africa -- 3. Summary -- References -- Index of Authors -- Index of Languages, Language Families and Areas -- Index of Subjects -- Contributors -- The series: the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.