Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Section I: Concepts -- 1 The Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry -- 1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the frame of Green Chemistry -- 1.2 Green Analytical Chemistry versus Analytical Chemistry -- 1.3 The ethical compromise of sustainability -- 1.4 The business opportunities of clean methods -- 1.5 The attitudes of the scientific community -- References -- 2 Education in Green Analytical Chemistry -- 2.1 The structure of the Analytical Chemistry paradigm -- 2.2 The social perception of Analytical Chemistry -- 2.3 Teaching Analytical Chemistry -- 2.4 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry -- 2.5 From the bench to the real world -- 2.6 Making sustainable professionals for the future -- References -- 3 Green Analytical Laboratory Experiments -- 3.1 Greening the university laboratories -- 3.2 Green laboratory experiments -- 3.2.1 Green methods for sample pretreatment -- 3.2.2 Green separation using liquid-liquid, solid-phase and solventless extractions -- 3.2.3 Green alternatives for chemical reactions -- 3.2.4 Green spectroscopy -- 3.3 The place of Green Analytical Chemistry in the future of our laboratories -- References -- 4 Publishing in Green Analytical Chemistry -- 4.1 A bibliometric study of the literature in Green Analytical Chemistry -- 4.2 Milestones of the literature on Green Analytical Chemistry -- 4.3 The need for powerful keywords -- 4.4 A new attitude of authors faced with green parameters -- 4.5 A proposal for editors and reviewers -- 4.6 The future starts now -- References -- Section II: The Analytical Process -- 5 Greening Sampling Techniques -- 5.1 Greening analytical chemistry solutions for sampling -- 5.2 New green approaches to reduce problems related to sample losses, sample contamination, transport and storage.

5.2.1 Methods based on flow-through solid phase spectroscopy -- 5.2.2 Methods based on hollow-fiber GC/HPLC/CE -- 5.2.3 Methods based on the use of nanoparticles -- 5.3 Greening analytical in-line systems -- 5.4 In-field sampling -- 5.5 Environmentally friendly sample stabilization -- 5.6 Sampling for automatization -- 5.7 Future possibilities in green sampling -- References -- 6 Direct Analysis of Samples -- 6.1 Remote environmental sensing -- 6.1.1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images (satellite sensors) -- 6.1.2 Open-path spectroscopy -- 6.1.3 Field-portable analyzers -- 6.2 Process monitoring: in-line, on-line and at-line measurements -- 6.2.1 NIR spectroscopy -- 6.2.2 Raman spectroscopy -- 6.2.3 MIR spectroscopy -- 6.2.4 Imaging technology and image analysis -- 6.3 At-line non-destructive or quasi non-destructive measurements -- 6.3.1 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) -- 6.3.2 Ambient Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 6.3.3 Solid sampling plasma sources -- 6.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) -- 6.3.5 X-ray spectroscopy -- 6.3.6 Other surface analysis techniques -- 6.4 New challenges in direct analysis -- References -- 7 Green Analytical Chemistry Approaches in Sample Preparation -- 7.1 About sample preparation -- 7.2 Miniaturized extraction techniques -- 7.2.1 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) -- 7.2.2 Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) -- 7.2.3 Stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) -- 7.2.4 Liquid-liquid microextraction -- 7.2.5 Membrane extraction -- 7.2.6 Gas extraction -- 7.3 Alternative solvents -- 7.3.1 Analytical applications of ionic liquids -- 7.3.2 Supercritical fluid extraction -- 7.3.3 Subcritical water extraction -- 7.3.4 Fluorous phases -- 7.4 Assisted extractions -- 7.4.1 Microwave-assisted extraction -- 7.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction -- 7.4.3 Pressurized liquid extraction -- 7.5 Final remarks -- References.

8 Green Sample Preparation with Non-Chromatographic Separation Techniques -- 8.1 Sample preparation in the frame of the analytical process -- 8.2 Separation techniques involving a gas-liquid interface -- 8.2.1 Gas diffusion -- 8.2.2 Pervaporation -- 8.2.3 Membrane extraction with a sorbent interface -- 8.2.4 Distillation and microdistillation -- 8.2.5 Head-space separation -- 8.2.6 Hydride generation and cold-mercury vapour formation -- 8.3 Techniques involving a liquid-liquid interface -- 8.3.1 Dialysis and microdialysis -- 8.3.2 Liquid-liquid extraction -- 8.3.3 Single-drop microextraction -- 8.4 Techniques involving a liquid-solid interface -- 8.4.1 Solid-phase extraction -- 8.4.2 Solid-phase microextraction -- 8.4.3 Stir-bar sorptive extraction -- 8.4.4 Continuous filtration -- 8.5 A Green future for sample preparation -- References -- 9 Capillary Electrophoresis -- 9.1 The capillary electrophoresis separation techniques -- 9.2 Capillary electrophoresis among other liquid phase separation methods -- 9.2.1 Basic instrumentation for liquid phase separations -- 9.2.2 CE versus HPLC from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry -- 9.2.3 CE as a method of choice for portable instruments -- 9.2.4 World-to-chip interfacing and the quest for a 'killer' application for LOC devices -- 9.2.5 Gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis and electrophoretic exclusion -- 9.3 Possible ways of surmounting the disadvantages of CE -- 9.4 Sample preparation in CE -- 9.5 Is capillary electrophoresis a green alternative? -- References -- 10 Green Chromatography -- 10.1 Greening liquid chromatography -- 10.2 Green solvents -- 10.2.1 Hydrophilic solvents -- 10.2.2 Ionic liquids -- 10.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) -- 10.3 Green instruments -- 10.3.1 Microbore Liquid Chromatography (microbore LC).

10.3.2 Capillary Liquid Chromatography (capillary LC) -- 10.3.3 Nano Liquid Chromatography (nano LC) -- 10.3.4 How to transfer the LC condition from traditional LC to microbore LC, capillary LC or nano LC -- 10.3.5 Homemade micro-scale analytical system -- 10.3.6 Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) -- References -- 11 Green Analytical Atomic Spectrometry -- 11.1 Atomic spectrometry in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry -- 11.2 Improvements in sample pretreatment strategies -- 11.2.1 Specific improvements -- 11.2.2 Slurry methods -- 11.3 Direct solid sampling techniques -- 11.3.1 Basic operating principles of the techniques discussed -- 11.3.2 Sample requirements and pretreatment strategies -- 11.3.3 Analyte monitoring: The arrival of high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry -- 11.3.4 Calibration -- 11.3.5 Selected applications -- 11.4 Future for green analytical atomic spectrometry -- References -- 12 Solid Phase Molecular Spectroscopy -- 12.1 Solid phase molecular spectroscopy: an approach to Green Analytical Chemistry -- 12.2 Fundamentals of solid phase molecular spectroscopy -- 12.2.1 Solid phase absorption (spectrophotometric) procedures -- 12.2.2 Solid phase emission (fluorescence) procedures -- 12.3 Batch mode procedures -- 12.4 Flow mode procedures -- 12.4.1 Monitoring an intrinsic property -- 12.4.2 Monitoring derivative species -- 12.4.3 Recent flow-SPMS based approaches -- 12.5 Selected examples of application of solid phase molecular spectroscopy -- 12.6 The potential of flow solid phase envisaged from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry -- References -- 13 Derivative Techniques in Molecular Absorption, Fluorimetry and Liquid Chromatography as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry -- 13.1 The derivative technique as a tool for Green Analytical Chemistry -- 13.1.1 Theoretical aspects.

13.2 Derivative absorption spectrometry in the UV-visible region -- 13.2.1 Strategies to greener derivative spectrophotometry -- 13.3 Derivative fluorescence spectrometry -- 13.3.1 Derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry -- 13.4 Use of derivative signal techniques in liquid chromatography -- References -- 14 Greening Electroanalytical Methods -- 14.1 Towards a more environmentally friendly electroanalysis -- 14.2 Electrode materials -- 14.2.1 Alternatives to mercury electrodes -- 14.2.2 Nanomaterial-based electrodes -- 14.3 Solvents -- 14.3.1 Ionic liquids -- 14.3.2 Supercritical fluids -- 14.4 Electrochemical detection in flowing solutions -- 14.4.1 Injection techniques -- 14.4.2 Miniaturized systems -- 14.5 Biosensors -- 14.5.1 Greening biosurface preparation -- 14.5.2 Direct electrochemical transfer of proteins -- 14.6 Future trends in green electroanalysis -- References -- Section III: Strategies -- 15 Energy Savings in Analytical Chemistry -- 15.1 Energy consumption in analytical methods -- 15.2 Economy and saving energy in laboratory practice -- 15.2.1 Good housekeeping, control and maintenance -- 15.3 Alternative sources of energy for processes -- 15.3.1 Using microwaves in place of thermal heating -- 15.3.2 Using ultrasound in sample treatment -- 15.3.3 Light as a source of energy -- 15.4 Using alternative solvents for energy savings -- 15.4.1 Advantages of ionic liquids -- 15.4.2 Using subcritical and supercritical fluids -- 15.5 Efficient laboratory equipment -- 15.5.1 Trends in sample treatment -- 15.6 Effects of automation and micronization on energy consumption -- 15.6.1 Miniaturization in sample treatment -- 15.6.2 Using sensors -- 15.7 Assessment of energy efficiency -- References -- 16 Green Analytical Chemistry and Flow Injection Methodologies -- 16.1 Progress of automated techniques for Green Analytical Chemistry.

16.2 Flow injection analysis.