Microcirculation Imaging -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 A Historical Perspective of Imaging of the Skin and Its Gradual Uptake for Clinical Studies, Inclusive of Personal Reminiscences of Early Days of Microcirculation Societies -- 1.1 Early History -- 1.2 The Microcirculatory Societies -- 1.3 A Tour of Microcirculatory Centers in 1968 -- 1.4 TV Video Projection -- 1.5 The Third World Congress of Microcirculation -- 1.6 Perfusion Monitoring and the Advent of the Laser Doppler -- 1.7 3D and 4D Tomographic Methods -- 1.8 Nonoptical Microcirculation Imaging -- 1.9 Panel Discussions and International Convergence -- References -- 2 Sidestream Dark-Field (SDF) Video Microscopy for Clinical Imaging of the Microcirculation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Quantifying the Functional State of the Microcirculation -- 2.3 Microcirculatory Image Acquisition -- 2.3.1 SDF Instrument -- 2.4 Automated Microcirculation Image Analysis -- 2.5 International Consensus on Microcirculation Image Acquisition and Analysis -- 2.6 Future Prospects -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Clinical Applications of SDF Videomicroscopy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microcirculatory Alterations Visualized with OPS/SDF Imaging -- 3.2.1 In Sepsis -- 3.2.2 In Severe Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock -- 3.2.3 During and after Cardiac Arrest -- 3.2.4 In Surgery -- 3.2.4.1 Cardiac Surgery -- 3.2.4.2 Noncardiac Surgery -- 3.2.5 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -- 3.2.6 Dermatology -- 3.2.7 Oncology -- 3.2.8 Cirrhosis -- 3.2.9 Pediatric Use -- 3.3 Response of Microcirculatory Variables to Therapeutic Interventions -- 3.4 Perspective -- References -- 4 Laser Doppler Flowmetry -- 4.1 Theory -- 4.1.1 The Single Doppler Shift -- 4.1.2 The Doppler Power Spectrum -- 4.2 Conventional Measures -- 4.3 Hardware Realizations -- 4.3.1 LDPM -- 4.3.2 LDPI -- 4.3.3 CMOS Imager -- 4.3.4 Noise.

4.3.5 Calibration -- 4.3.6 Measurement Depth and Volume -- 4.4 Monte Carlo and LDF -- References -- 5 Toward Assessment of Speed Distribution of Red Blood Cells in Microcirculation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theory of Laser Doppler Spectrum Decomposition -- 5.2.1 Single Doppler Scattering -- 5.2.2 Multiple Scattering -- 5.3 Validation of the Spectrum Decomposition Method -- 5.3.1 Laser Doppler Spectra Generated by Monte Carlo Simulations -- 5.3.2 Laser Doppler Spectra Measured on the Phantom -- 5.4 In Vivo Measurements of Speed Distribution of Red Blood Cells in the Microvascular Network -- 5.5 Estimation of Anisotropy Factor -- 5.6 Conclusions and Future Developments -- 5.7 Biography -- References -- 6 Fast Full-Field Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Fast Full-Field Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging: Why and How? -- 6.3 Characteristics of a CMOS-Based Full-Field Laser Doppler Perfusion Imager -- 6.3.1 Choice of a CMOS Camera: General Considerations -- 6.3.1.1 Commercial Device versus Tailor-Made Device? -- 6.3.1.2 Color Sensor versus Monochrome Sensor? -- 6.3.1.3 Rolling Shutter versus Global Shutter? -- 6.3.1.4 Logarithmic versus Linear Response? -- 6.3.1.5 What Frame Rate and Frame Size is Required? -- 6.3.2 Model-Based Prediction of CMOS Performance -- 6.3.3 Noise Correction in CMOS Based ffLDPI Systems -- 6.3.4 Signal Processing Aspects -- 6.4 Overview of ffLDPI Systems and Obtained Results -- 6.4.1 Systems Developed by EPFL Lausanne -- 6.4.2 Systems Developed by the University of Twente -- 6.5 Comparative Behavior of CMOS-Based Systems: How Good Are They to Measure Perfusion? -- 6.5.1 General Considerations -- 6.5.2 Comparison with Scanning Beam Systems -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Speckle Effects in Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What Are Speckles? Basic Properties.

7.2.1 Distributions of Field Amplitude and Intensity -- 7.2.2 Speckle Contrast -- 7.2.3 Speckle Size -- 7.3 Significance of Speckles in LDPI -- 7.4 Further Analysis of the Consequence of Speckle in LDPI -- 7.4.1 Overall Sensitivity -- 7.4.2 Depth Sensitivity -- 7.5 Consequences and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis (LASCA) for Measuring Blood Flow -- 8.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Laser Speckle -- 8.2 Time-Varying Speckle -- 8.3 Full-Field Speckle Methods -- 8.4 Single-Exposure Speckle Photography -- 8.5 Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis (LASCA) -- 8.6 The Question of Speckle Size -- 8.7 Theory -- 8.8 Practical Considerations -- 8.9 Applications and Examples -- 8.10 Recent Developments -- 8.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Tissue Viability Imaging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Operating Principle -- 9.3 Validation -- 9.3.1 Monte Carlo Modeling -- 9.3.2 Experimental Modeling -- 9.4 Technology -- 9.4.1 Software Toolboxes -- 9.4.1.1 Skin Damage Visualizer -- 9.4.1.2 Skin Color Tracker -- 9.4.1.3 Spot Analyzer -- 9.4.1.4 Wrinkle Analyzer -- 9.4.1.5 Surface Analyzer -- 9.5 Evaluation -- 9.5.1 Iontophoresis -- 9.5.2 Lipid Studies -- 9.5.3 UV-B Studies -- 9.5.4 Temporal Studies -- 9.6 Comparison with Other Instrumentation -- 9.7 Other Technology for Polarization Imaging -- 9.8 Discussion -- References -- 10 Optical Microangiography: Theory and Application -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Optical Coherence Tomography -- 10.2.1 Principle of OCT -- 10.2.2 Frequency Domain OCT (FD-OCT) -- 10.2.3 Doppler OCT -- 10.2.3.1 Principle of Doppler OCT (DOCT) -- 10.2.3.2 An Overview of DOCT-Based Flow Imaging Modalities -- 10.3 Optical Microangiography (OMAG) -- 10.3.1 Optical Instrumentation -- 10.3.2 First-Generation OMAG -- 10.3.2.1 In Vivo Experimental Demonstration of OMAG.

10.3.2.2 Directional Flow Imaging in OMAG -- 10.3.3 Second-Generation OMAG -- 10.3.3.1 Theoretical Overview -- 10.3.4 Doppler OMAG -- 10.3.4.1 Signal Processing -- 10.3.4.2 Experimental Verification -- 10.3.4.3 In Vivo Imaging with DOMAG -- 10.3.4.4 Comparison between PRDOCT and DOMAG -- 10.4 Applications of OMAG -- 10.4.1 In Vivo Imaging of Mouse Cerebral Blood Perfusion and Vascular Plasticity Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using OMAG -- 10.4.2 Retinal and Choroidal Microvascular Perfusion Mapping with OMAG -- 10.4.3 Volumetric Imaging of Cochlear Blood Perfusion in Rodent with OMAG -- 10.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Photoacoustic Tomography of Microcirculation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 PAT Systems -- 11.2.1 High-Resolution PAM -- 11.2.2 Real-Time PACT -- 11.3 Microcirculation Parameters Quantified by PAT -- 11.3.1 Total Hemoglobin Concentration and Microvascular Structure -- 11.3.2 Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation -- 11.3.3 Blood Flow and Cell Counting -- 11.4 Biomedical Applications -- 11.4.1 Longitudinal Monitoring of Tumorlike Angiogenesis -- 11.4.2 Transcranial Imaging of Cortical Microvasculature -- 11.4.3 Label-Free Ophthalmic Microangiography -- 11.4.4 Real-Time Monitoring and Destruction of Circulating Cancer Cells -- 11.5 Discussion and Perspectives -- 11.5.1 Fluence Compensation for Accurate sO2 Measurements -- 11.5.2 High-Speed Imaging for Clinical Applications -- Animal Ethics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Fluorescence and OCT Imaging of Microcirculation in Early Mammalian Embryos -- 12.1 Mouse Embryo Manipulations for Live Imaging -- 12.2 Imaging Vascular Development and Microcirculation Using Confocal Microscopy of Vital Fluorescent Markers -- 12.3 Live Imaging of Mammalian Embryonic Development and Circulation with OCT -- 12.4 Summary -- References.

13 High Frequency Ultrasound for the Visualization and Quantification of the Microcirculation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ultrasound Fundamentals -- 13.2.1 Resolution -- 13.2.2 Reflectivity and Signal Strength -- 13.2.3 Doppler Quantification of Blood Flow -- 13.3 Instrumentation -- 13.3.1 Imaging Protocols -- 13.3.2 Microbubble Contrast Agents -- 13.4 Applications of Micro-Ultrasound in Studies of the Microcirculation -- 13.4.1 Contrast Imaging -- 13.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Studying Microcirculation with Micro-CT -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Micro-Computed Tomography -- 14.2.1 History -- 14.2.2 Theory -- 14.2.3 Conventional Micro-Computed Tomography System -- 14.2.3.1 Specimen Stage Rotation Geometry -- 14.2.3.2 Source-Detector Rotation Geometry -- 14.2.4 Image Reconstruction -- 14.2.5 Image Quality -- 14.2.5.1 X-Ray Dose -- 14.2.5.2 X-Ray Beam Hardening -- 14.2.5.3 CT Image Spatial Resolution -- 14.2.5.4 Physiological Gating -- 14.2.6 Multimodality Imaging -- 14.2.6.1 Micro-Positron Emission Tomography -- 14.2.6.2 Micro-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography -- 14.2.6.3 Digital Subtraction Angiography -- 14.2.6.4 Histology -- 14.3 Specimen/Animal Preparation -- 14.3.1 Ex Vivo - Casting -- 14.3.2 In Situ - Contrast Agent Enhancement -- 14.3.3 In Vivo -- 14.3.4 Use of Probes -- 14.3.4.1 Nano-/Microspheres -- 14.4 Image Analysis -- 14.4.1 Segmentation -- 14.4.2 Centerline Extraction -- 14.4.3 Measurements -- 14.4.3.1 Segment Length -- 14.4.3.2 Segment Diameter -- 14.4.4 Erode/Dilate Analysis -- 14.4.5 Modeling -- 14.4.5.1 Analytical -- 14.4.5.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics -- 14.5 Summary and Future Developments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Imaging Blood Circulation Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 The NMR Signal.

15.1.2 Mechanisms by Which Microcirculation Can Alter MRI Signal.