Endangered Metaphors -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Prologue -- 1. Background to metaphor studies -- 2. How to describe metaphors -- 3. Metaphors and language endangerment -- 4. Arguments for linguistic diversity -- 5. Documentation of metaphor -- 6. The work metaphors do -- 7. How to identify metaphors -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Endangered metaphors -- References: -- "Our language is very literal" -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptual and typological patterns of lexicalization -- 2.1 Metaphor -- 2.2 Metonymy -- 2.3 Some proposals about lexicalization tendencies -- 3. A semi-structured inventory of metaphors and metonymies in Dene Sųłiné -- 3.1 Naming others and describing the human condition -- 3.2 Body parts, functions, and dysfunctions -- 3.3 Fauna and their feathers, fur, fins, and feelers -- 3.4 Places and spaces -- 3.5 Terms of acculturation -- 3.6 The temporal landscape and time expressions -- 3.7 Miscellaneous states and processes -- 4. Some general observations about Athapaskan metaphor and metonymy -- 4.1 Patterns in the Dene Sųłiné data -- 4.2 Related tendencies across the Dene world -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1 Exoterogeny and esoterogeny -- 5.2 Idiomaticity and analyzability -- 5.3 Lexicalization and revitalization -- Acknowledgements -- References -- "My heart falls out" -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Beaver language and culture -- 3. Culture, embodiment, and conceptual metaphors -- 3.1 Embodiment -- 3.2 Cultural models -- 3.3 Conceptual metaphors and metonymies -- 4. Emotions and body parts -- 4.1 Basic emotions: Linguistic and cognitive evidence -- 4.2 Beaver "heart" idioms denoting emotions and personality traits -- 5. Linguistic patterns of body part expressions -- 6. Conclusion and discussion -- References -- Walking like a porcupine, talking like a raven -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background.

2.1 Linguistic, geographical and cultural background -- data -- 2.2 Data, definitions, methodology -- 2.3 Formal observations -- 3. Cultural grounding -- 3.1 Type I expressions: Observation -- 3.2 Type II idioms: Grounded in mythology -- 3.3 Summary -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1 Idiomaticity and figurativeness -- 4.2 Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy -- 4.3 Beyond Upper Tanana: Animal idioms in other Alaskan Athabascan languages -- 4.4 Use of animal idioms -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Are Nahuatl riddles endangered conceptualizations? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Zazanilli, Sa:sa:ne:hli, Sa:sa:ni:hli -- 3. Structure -- 4. Methodology -- 5. Shared riddles -- 5.1 The green tomato -- 5.2 The burnt (field) -- 5.3 The needle -- 5.4 The snail -- 5.5 The nose -- 5.6 The ants -- 5.6 The chile -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Bodily-based conceptual metaphors in Ashéninka Perené myths and folk stories -- References -- Appendix A -- Mamaro 'Demonic Owl' by Segundo Yamane Guzman -- Appendix B -- Illustration of the Mamaro story made by the native speaker Daniel Bernales Quillatupa (Aroshi) -- Abbreviations -- The use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The use of metaphor in everyday speech -- 2.1 'Ascend' as a metaphor -- 2.2 The aspectual morphemes -- 2.3 'Descend' as a metaphor -- 3. Ascend is going to the unknown -- 4. Climbing the mountain -- 4.1 'Ka' and 'ma' -- 4.2 'Pro' and 'ndek' -- 4.3 Summary -- 5. Descend is going to the known -- 5.1 The link 'kande' -- 5.2 The different ways 'kande' is used -- 5.3 Summary -- 5.4 The link 'ndeta' -- 5.5 The use of 'nde' in sentences expressing possibility -- 5.6 Summary -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- List of abbreviations -- Kewa figures of speech -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Kewa idioms -- 3. Categories of speech -- 3.1 Saa agaa.

3.2 Tabooed speech -- 3.3 Intimate speech -- 3.4 Ritualized speech -- 3.5 New categories -- 4. Coded speech as warnings and prohibitions -- 5. Descriptive idioms and metaphors -- 6. Summary and conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Metaphors in Dimasa and Rabha - A comparative study -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metaphors in Dimasa -- 2.1 Metaphors of code -- 2.2 Metaphor of threat -- 2.3 Metaphor of shame -- 2.4 Metaphor of pride -- 3. Morphological processes in Dimasa metaphors -- 3.1 Suffixation -- 3.2 Compounding -- 4. Metaphors in Rabha -- 4.1 Metaphor of code -- 4.2 Metaphor of pregnancy -- 4.3 Metaphor of pride -- 5. Morphological processes in Rabha metaphors -- 5.1 Suffixation -- 5.2 Compounding -- 6. Reconstruction of Dimasa and Rabha metaphors -- 7. Social relevance -- 8. Factors behind the change and loss of metaphors -- 9. Conclusion -- Abbreviation -- References -- Numbers that Chumburung people count on -- Prologue -- 1. Figurative use of numbers -- 2. The Chumburung and their number system -- 2.1 Using the hands for counting -- 2.2 The cardinal numerals -- 2.3 Zero -- 2.4 Groups of objects -- 2.5 Once, twice, three times -- 2.6 Ordinal numbers - first, second, third -- 2.7 Special names for children -- 3. One -- 3.1 Plain one -- 3.2 one plus body part -- 3.3 Unity of group -- 3.4 one or many -- 3.5 one as emphatic -- 3.6 Conclusion about one -- 4. Two -- 4.1 Plain two -- 4.2 On two -- 4.3 two body parts -- 4.4 two better than one -- 4.5 Conclusion about two -- 5. Three -- 5.1 two or three -- 5.2 Plain three -- 5.3 three means a few -- 5.4 three in stories -- 5.5 Conclusion about three -- 6. three-four -- 7. Four and five -- 7.1 four -- 7.2 Five -- 8. Six -- 8.1 Figurative six -- 8.2 Symbolic six -- 8.3 Conclusion about six -- 9. Seven -- 9.1 Symbolic -- 9.2 Conclusion about seven -- 10. Eight, nine and ten -- 10.1 eight -- 10.2 nine.

10.3 ten -- 10.4 Conclusion about eight, nine and ten -- 11. Larger numbers -- 11.1 ten to hundreds -- 11.2 thousand and above -- 12. Money -- 13. Conclusion -- 13.1 Conclusion about the Chumburung data -- 13.2 Why metaphors and figurative units are endangered -- References -- The importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language -- 1. Conceptual metaphor in language, thought and culture -- 2. Body parts in Basque -- 2.1 Space and external body-parts: Buru 'head', begi 'eye', and oin 'foot' -- 2.2 Emotions and internal body-parts: Gibel 'liver', and bihotz 'heart' -- 2.3 Intellect, emotions and body-parts: Buru 'head', bihotz 'heart', and the cultural word gogo -- 3. Conclusions: Reasons why conceptual metaphors should be studied -- References -- Antlers as a metaphor of pride -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Inari Saami language -- 1.2 Inari Saami culture in a nutshell -- 2. Outline of the theoretical approaches -- 2.1 Metaphor -- 2.2 The relevance theory -- 2.3 Conceptual metaphor -- 2.4 The hypothesis of understanding a concept in terms of another -- 2.5 Evidence from corpus linguistics -- 2.6 How does a metaphor emerge? -- 3. The Inari Saami metaphors -- 3.1 The conceptual metaphor pride is antlers -- 3.2 The conceptual metaphor the behavior of a person is the behavior of a reindeer -- 3.3 The conceptual metaphor a person is an animal -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Metaphors of the Finnish Roma in Finnish and Romani -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The embodiment of the Finnish language metaphors used by the Roma -- 2.1 Roma metaphors shared with standard Finnish -- 2.2 Roma-specific metaphors in Finnish discourse -- 3. Metaphors in Romani -- 4. Comparing the Roma metaphors in Romani and in Finnish -- 5. Metaphor competence of adolescent and young adult Roma -- 6. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References.

"Bhio' tu dìreach ga ithe, bha e cho math = You would just eat it, it was so good" -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The sociolinguistic status of Scottish Gaelic -- 3. Ceart 'right' and ceàrr 'wrong' -- 4. The role of 'visiting' (a' dol air chèilidh) -- 5. A 'cooked' ecology of knowledge in Gaelic narrative tradition -- 6. Ith 'eat' and cultural transmission -- 7. Blas 'taste' -- 7.1 Diachronic examination of blas -- 7.2 External aesthetic concepts of 'taste' and their relationship to blas -- 7.3 linguistic accuracy and musical ornamentation are taste -- 7.6 Blas and transmission -- 8. Brìgh 'essence' -- 9. Conclusion -- Works cited -- Personal fieldwork -- School of Scottish Studies Sound Archives, University of Edinburgh -- Metaphors of an endangered Low Saxon basis dialect - exemplified by idioms of stupidity and death -- 1. The Low Saxon dialect Westmünsterländisch: Field research on idiom collection -- 2. Theoretical framework and terminology -- 3. The semantic field stupidity -- 4. The semantic field death and dying -- 5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Index of conceptual metaphors/metonymies -- Name index -- Subject index.