An Introduction to LTE -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM -- 1.1.1 High Level Architecture -- 1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network -- 1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network -- 1.1.4 Communication Protocols -- 1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems -- 1.2.1 From 1G to 3G -- 1.2.2 Third Generation Systems -- 1.3 The Need for LTE -- 1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data -- 1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System -- 1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity -- 1.3.4 Additional Motivations -- 1.4 From UMTS to LTE -- 1.4.1 High Level Architecture of LTE -- 1.4.2 Long Term Evolution -- 1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution -- 1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced -- 1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G -- 1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced -- 1.5.3 4G Communication Systems -- 1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G -- 1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE -- References -- Chapter 2 System Architecture Evolution -- 2.1 Architecture of LTE -- 2.1.1 High Level Architecture -- 2.1.2 User Equipment -- 2.1.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network -- 2.1.4 Evolved Packet Core -- 2.1.5 Roaming Architecture -- 2.1.6 Network Areas -- 2.1.7 Numbering, Addressing and Identification -- 2.2 Communication Protocols -- 2.2.1 Protocol Model -- 2.2.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols -- 2.2.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols -- 2.2.4 User Plane Protocols -- 2.2.5 Signalling Protocols -- 2.3 Example Information Flows -- 2.3.1 Access Stratum Signalling -- 2.3.2 Non Access Stratum Signalling -- 2.3.3 Data Transport -- 2.4 Bearer Management -- 2.4.1 The EPS Bearer -- 2.4.2 Tunnelling Using GTP -- 2.4.3 Tunnelling Using GRE and PMIP -- 2.4.4 Signalling Radio Bearers -- 2.5 State Diagrams -- 2.5.1 EPS Mobility Management.

2.5.2 EPS Connection Management -- 2.5.3 Radio Resource Control -- 2.6 Spectrum Allocation -- References -- Chapter 3 Digital Wireless Communications -- 3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception -- 3.1.1 Signal Transmission -- 3.1.2 Signal Reception -- 3.1.3 Channel Estimation -- 3.1.4 Multiple Access Techniques -- 3.1.5 FDD and TDD Modes -- 3.2 Multipath, Fading and Inter-Symbol Interference -- 3.2.1 Multipath and Fading -- 3.2.2 Inter-Symbol Interference -- 3.3 Error Management -- 3.3.1 Forward Error Correction -- 3.3.2 Automatic Repeat Request -- 3.3.3 Hybrid ARQ -- References -- Chapter 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access -- 4.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing -- 4.1.1 Reduction of Inter-Symbol Interference using OFDM -- 4.1.2 The OFDM Transmitter -- 4.1.3 Initial Block Diagram -- 4.2 OFDMA in a Mobile Cellular Network -- 4.2.1 Multiple Access -- 4.2.2 Fractional Frequency Re-Use -- 4.2.3 Channel Estimation -- 4.2.4 Cyclic Prefix Insertion -- 4.2.5 Use of the Frequency Domain -- 4.2.6 Choice of Sub-Carrier Spacing -- 4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access -- 4.3.1 Power Variations from OFDMA -- 4.3.2 Block Diagram of SC-FDMA -- References -- Chapter 5 Multiple Antenna Techniques -- 5.1 Diversity Processing -- 5.1.1 Receive Diversity -- 5.1.2 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity -- 5.1.3 Open Loop Transmit Diversity -- 5.2 Spatial Multiplexing -- 5.2.1 Principles of Operation -- 5.2.2 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing -- 5.2.3 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing -- 5.2.4 Matrix Representation -- 5.2.5 Implementation Issues -- 5.2.6 Multiple User MIMO -- 5.3 Beamforming -- 5.3.1 Principles of Operation -- 5.3.2 Beam Steering -- 5.3.3 Dual Layer Beamforming -- 5.3.4 Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited -- References -- Chapter 6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface.

6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack -- 6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels -- 6.2.1 Logical Channels -- 6.2.2 Transport Channels -- 6.2.3 Physical Data Channels -- 6.2.4 Control Information -- 6.2.5 Physical Control Channels -- 6.2.6 Physical Signals -- 6.2.7 Information Flows -- 6.3 The Resource Grid -- 6.3.1 Slot Structure -- 6.3.2 Frame Structure -- 6.3.3 Uplink Timing Advance -- 6.3.4 Resource Grid Structure -- 6.3.5 Bandwidth Options -- 6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission -- 6.4.1 Downlink Antenna Ports -- 6.4.2 Downlink Transmission Modes -- 6.5 Resource Element Mapping -- 6.5.1 Downlink Resource Element Mapping -- 6.5.2 Uplink Resource Element Mapping -- References -- Chapter 7 Cell Acquisition -- 7.1 Acquisition Procedure -- 7.2 Synchronization Signals -- 7.2.1 Physical Cell Identity -- 7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal -- 7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal -- 7.3 Downlink Reference Signals -- 7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel -- 7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel -- 7.6 System Information -- 7.6.1 Organization of the System Information -- 7.6.2 Transmission and Reception of the System Information -- 7.7 Procedures After Acquisition -- References -- Chapter 8 Data Transmission and Reception -- 8.1 Data Transmission Procedures -- 8.1.1 Downlink Transmission and Reception -- 8.1.2 Uplink Transmission and Reception -- 8.1.3 Semi Persistent Scheduling -- 8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH -- 8.2.1 Downlink Control Information -- 8.2.2 Resource Allocation -- 8.2.3 Example: DCI Format 1 -- 8.2.4 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers -- 8.2.5 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH -- 8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH -- 8.3.1 Transport Channel Processing -- 8.3.2 Physical Channel Processing.

8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH -- 8.4.1 Introduction -- 8.4.2 Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH -- 8.4.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH -- 8.5 Uplink Control Information -- 8.5.1 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements -- 8.5.2 Channel Quality Indicator -- 8.5.3 Rank Indication -- 8.5.4 Precoding Matrix Indicator -- 8.5.5 Channel State Reporting Mechanisms -- 8.5.6 Scheduling Requests -- 8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH -- 8.6.1 PUCCH Formats -- 8.6.2 PUCCH Resources -- 8.6.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH -- 8.7 Uplink Reference Signals -- 8.7.1 Demodulation Reference Signal -- 8.7.2 Sounding Reference Signal -- 8.8 Uplink Power Control -- 8.8.1 Uplink Power Calculation -- 8.8.2 Uplink Power Control Commands -- 8.9 Discontinuous Reception -- 8.9.1 Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE -- 8.9.2 Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED -- References -- Chapter 9 Random Access -- 9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH -- 9.1.1 Resource Element Mapping -- 9.1.2 Preamble Sequence Generation -- 9.1.3 Signal Transmission -- 9.2 Non Contention Based Procedure -- 9.3 Contention Based Procedure -- References -- Chapter 10 Air Interface Layer 2 -- 10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol -- 10.1.1 Protocol Architecture -- 10.1.2 Timing Advance Commands -- 10.1.3 Buffer Status Reporting -- 10.1.4 Power Headroom Reporting -- 10.1.5 Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing -- 10.1.6 Logical Channel Prioritization -- 10.1.7 Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface -- 10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol -- 10.2.1 Protocol Architecture -- 10.2.2 Transparent Mode -- 10.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode -- 10.2.4 Acknowledged Mode -- 10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol -- 10.3.1 Protocol Architecture -- 10.3.2 Header Compression.

10.3.3 Prevention of Packet Loss During Handover -- References -- Chapter 11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures -- 11.1 Power-On Sequence -- 11.2 Network and Cell Selection -- 11.2.1 Network Selection -- 11.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection -- 11.2.3 Cell Selection -- 11.3 RRC Connection Establishment -- 11.3.1 Basic Procedure -- 11.3.2 Relationship with Other Procedures -- 11.4 Attach Procedure -- 11.4.1 IP Address Allocation -- 11.4.2 Overview of the Attach Procedure -- 11.4.3 Attach Request -- 11.4.4 Identification and Security Procedures -- 11.4.5 Location Update -- 11.4.6 Default Bearer Creation -- 11.4.7 Attach Accept -- 11.4.8 Default Bearer Update -- 11.5 Detach Procedure -- References -- Chapter 12 Security Procedures -- 12.1 Network Access Security -- 12.1.1 Security Architecture -- 12.1.2 Key Hierarchy -- 12.1.3 Authentication and Key Agreement -- 12.1.4 Security Activation -- 12.1.5 Ciphering -- 12.1.6 Integrity Protection -- 12.2 Network Domain Security -- 12.2.1 Security Protocols -- 12.2.2 Security in the Evolved Packet Core -- 12.2.3 Security in the Radio Access Network -- References -- Chapter 13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging -- 13.1 Policy and Charging Control -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Quality of Service Parameters -- 13.1.3 Policy Control Architecture -- 13.2 Session Management Procedures -- 13.2.1 IP-CAN Session Establishment -- 13.2.2 Mobile Originated QoS Request -- 13.2.3 Server Originated QoS Request -- 13.2.4 Dedicated Bearer Establishment -- 13.2.5 Other Session Management Procedures -- 13.3 Charging and Billing -- 13.3.1 High Level Architecture -- 13.3.2 Offline Charging -- 13.3.3 Online Charging -- References -- Chapter 14 Mobility Management -- 14.1 Transitions Between Mobility Management States -- 14.1.1 S1 Release Procedure -- 14.1.2 Paging Procedure.

14.1.3 Service Request Procedure.