Acknowledgements -- Conventions -- Tables -- Figures -- 1 Introduction and overview -- 2 Entrenchment in usage-based theories -- 2.1 Entrenchment in usage-based constructionist approaches -- 2.2 Entrenchment and usage-based assumptions about language representation and processing -- 2.3 Entrenchment in usage-based theories of language acquisition -- 2.4 Entrenchment in emergentist theories of language phylogeny -- 2.5 Entrenchment in usage-based theories of language change -- 2.6 Entrenchment in related frameworks -- 2.7 Summary and outlook: The epistemological status of entrenchment in usage-based frameworks -- 3 The cognitive realism of usage-based generalizations, with a special focus on the relationship between token frequencies and entrenchment -- 3.1 The assumed link between collective usage and individual representation -- 3.2 Against the psychological realism of corpus-derived claims -- 3.3 In support of the potential psychological realism of corpus-derived claims -- 3.3.1 Neuroplasticity -- 3.3.2 Experimental research on token frequency effects in multi-word sequences -- 3.3.3 Psycholinguistic research on the entrenchment of multiword sequences -- 3.3.4 Patholinguistic data showing selective dissociations between holistic versus novel sequences of morphemes -- 3.3.5 Neuroimaging studies supporting the idea of a neurocognitive split between holistic and compositional modules -- 3.4 Conclusion: Can we reasonably expect corpora to predict entrenchment in the mind? -- 4 Operationalizing entrenchment -- 4.1 Defining entrenchment -- 4.2 Assessing the psychological realism of a statement in experimental terms -- 4.3 Sources of inspiration -- 4.3.1 Gestalt psychology -- 4.3.1.1 Why seek inspiration from non-linguistic lines of research? -- 4.3.1.2 What makes a chunk in Gestalt psychology?.

4.3.2 The masked priming paradigm -- 4.3.3 Frequency effects in English derivatives -- 4.3.4 Parametric studies on word frequency effects -- 4.4 Operationalizing Entrenchment -- 5 Experimental design -- 5.1 Stimuli -- 5.1.1 Stimuli for the masked priming fMRI study -- 5.1.1.1 Stimuli for the main conditions -- 5.1.1.2 Stimuli for the 'no ' -conditions -- 5.1.1.3 Stimuli for the control conditions -- 5.1.2 Stimuli for the memory experiment -- 5.2 Experimental procedures -- 5.2.1 Experimental procedure for the masked priming fMRI studies -- 5.2.2 Experimental procedure for the memory task -- 6 Behavioural data analysis -- 6.1 Main conditions -- 6.1.1 General method -- 6.1.2 Simple linear mixed-effects regression analyses -- 6.1.3 Multiple mixed-effects regression analyses -- 6.1.3.1 Introductory remarks on methodology -- 6.1.3.2 Multiple regression results for part-to-whole priming -- 6.1.3.3 Multiple regression results for whole-to-part priming -- 6.2 Behavioural analyses for the supplementary experiments -- 6.2.1 Mixed-effects regression analyses for jumbled target priming -- 6.2.2 Behavioural analyses for the comparison with monomorphemic controls -- 6.2.3 Behavioural analyses for the memory task -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 Neuroimaging Data Analysis -- 7.1 Introductory remarks -- 7.2 Statistical Parametric Imaging analysis -- 7.2.1 Imaging Parameters -- 7.2.2 fMRI data analysis -- 7.2.3 Preprocessing -- 7.2.4 First-level analysis -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Second-level analyses -- 7.3.2 Results for the part-to-whole priming task -- 7.3.3 Results for the whole-to-part priming task -- 7.3.4 Results for the jumbled target priming task -- 7.3.5 Conjunction analysis for the main conditions -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 8 Summary and conclusion -- 8.1 Summary: Entrenchment in usage-based theories.

8.1.1 Research rationale and questions -- 8.1.2 Operationalizing entrenchment -- 8.1.3 Behavioural results -- 8.1.4 fMRI Results -- 8.2 Some further theoretical implications -- 8.3 The corpus-to-cognition principle: Towards more fine-grained correlations between corpus and cognitive data -- 8.4 Outlook -- References -- Appendix -- Index.