Front Cover -- Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Foreword to the Third Edition -- Preface and Acknowledgements to the Third Edition -- Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition -- Preface and Acknowledgments to the First Edition -- 1. Resource Identification and Development -- 1. Geology of Geothermal Regions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Earth and its atmosphere -- 1.3 Active geothermal regions -- 1.4 Model of a hydrothermal geothermal resource -- 1.5 Other types of geothermal resources -- 1.5.1 Hot Dry Rock, HDR -- 1.5.2 Geopressure -- 1.5.3 Magma energy -- 1.5.4 Deep hydrothermal -- References -- Problems -- 2. Exploration Strategies and Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objectives of an exploration program -- 2.3 Phases of an exploration program -- 2.3.1 Literature survey -- 2.3.2 Airborne survey -- 2.3.3 Geologic survey -- 2.3.4 Hydrologic survey -- 2.3.5 Geochemical survey -- 2.3.6 Geophysical survey -- 2.4 Synthesis and interpretation -- 2.5 The next step: Drilling -- References -- Problems -- 3. Geothermal Well Drilling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Site preparation and drilling equipment -- 3.3 Drilling operations -- 3.4 Safety precautions -- References -- 4. Reservoir Engineering -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reservoir and well flow -- 4.2.1 Darcy's Law -- 4.2.2 Reservoir-well model: Ideal case -- 4.2.3 Reservoir-well model: Basic principles -- 4.2.4 Liquid-only flow -- 4.2.5 Location of the flash horizon -- 4.2.6 Two-phase flow in the well -- 4.2.7 Complete model: Reservoir to wellhead with wellbore flashing -- 4.3 Well testing -- 4.3.1 Desired information -- 4.3.2 Pressure and temperature instrumentation -- 4.3.3 Direct mass flow rate measurements -- 4.3.4 Indirect mass flow rate measurements.

4.3.5 Transient pressure measurements and analysis -- 4.4 Calcite scaling in well casings -- 4.5 Reservoir modeling and simulation -- 4.5.1 Input -- 4.5.2 Architecture -- 4.5.3 Calibration and validation -- 4.5.4 History matching -- 4.5.5 Use of the model -- 4.5.6 Examples of reservoir simulators -- References -- Problems -- 2. Geothermal Power Generating Systems -- 5. Single-Flash Steam Power Plants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Gathering system design considerations -- 5.2.1 Piping layouts -- 5.2.2 Pressure losses -- 5.3 Energy conversion system -- 5.4 Thermodynamics of the conversion process -- 5.4.1 Temperature-entropy process diagram -- 5.4.2 Flashing process -- 5.4.3 Separation process -- 5.4.4 Turbine expansion process -- 5.4.5 Condensing process -- 5.4.6 Cooling tower process -- 5.4.7 Utilization efficiency -- 5.5 Example: Single-flash optimization -- 5.5.1 Choked well flow -- 5.5.2 Non-choked well flow -- 5.6 Optimum separator temperature: An approximate formulation -- 5.7 Environmental aspects for single-flash plants -- 5.7.1 General considerations -- 5.7.2 Considerations pertaining to single-flash plants -- 5.8 Equipment list for single-flash plants -- 5.8.1 Wellhead, brine and steam supply system -- 5.8.2 Turbine-generator and controls -- 5.8.3 Condenser, gas ejection and pollution control (where needed) -- 5.8.4 Heat rejection system -- 5.8.5 Back-up systems -- 5.8.6 Noise abatement system (where required) -- 5.8.7 Geofluid disposal system -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 5 -- Problems -- 6. Double-Flash Steam Power Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Gathering system design considerations -- 6.3 Energy conversion system -- 6.4 Thermodynamics of the conversion process -- 6.4.1 Temperature-entropy process diagram -- 6.4.2 Flash and separation processes -- 6.4.3 HP- and LP-turbine expansion processes.

6.4.4 Condensing and cooling tower processes -- utilization efficiency -- 6.4.5 Optimization methodology -- 6.5 Example: Double-flash optimization -- 6.6 Scale potential in waste brine -- 6.6.1 Silica chemistry -- 6.6.2 Silica scaling potential in flash plants -- 6.7 Environmental aspects for double-flash plants -- 6.8 Equipment list for double-flash plants -- 6.8.1 Wellhead, brine and steam supply system -- 6.8.2 Turbine-generator and controls -- 6.8.3 Condenser, gas ejection and pollution control (where needed) -- 6.8.4 Heat rejection system -- 6.8.5 Back-up systems -- 6.8.6 Noise abatement system (where required) -- 6.8.7 Geofluid disposal system -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 6 -- Problems -- 7. Dry-Steam Power Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Origins and nature of dry-steam resources -- 7.3 Steam gathering system -- 7.4 Energy conversion system -- 7.4.1 Turbine expansion process -- 7.4.2 Condensing and cooling tower processes -- utilization efficiency -- 7.5 Example: Optimum wellhead pressure -- 7.6 Environmental aspects of dry-steam plants -- 7.7 Equipment list for dry-steam plants -- 7.7.1 Steam supply system -- 7.7.2 Turbine-generator and controls -- 7.7.3 Condenser, gas ejection and pollution control (where needed) -- 7.7.4 Heat rejection system -- 7.7.5 Back-up systems -- 7.7.6 Noise abatement system (where required) -- 7.7.7 Condensate disposal system -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 7 -- Problems -- 8. Binary Cycle Power Plants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Basic binary systems -- 8.2.1 Turbine analysis -- 8.2.2 Condenser analysis -- 8.2.3 Feed pump analysis -- 8.2.4 Heat exchanger analysis: Preheater and evaporator -- 8.2.5 Overall cycle analysis -- 8.3 Working fluid selection -- 8.3.1 Thermodynamic properties -- 8.3.2 Sonic velocity and turbine size.

8.3.3 Health, safety, and environmental considerations -- 8.4 Advanced binary cycles -- 8.4.1 Ideal binary cycle -- 8.4.2 Dual-pressure binary cycle -- 8.4.3 Dual-fluid binary cycle -- 8.4.4 Kalina binary cycles -- 8.5 Example of binary cycle analysis -- 8.6 Environmental impact of binary cycles -- 8.7 Equipment list for basic binary plants -- 8.7.1 Downwell pumps and motors -- 8.7.2 Brine supply system -- 8.7.3 Brine/working fluid heat exchangers -- 8.7.4 Turbine-generator and controls -- 8.7.5 Working fluid condenser, accumulator and storage system -- 8.7.6 Working fluid feed pump system -- 8.7.7 Heat rejection system -- 8.7.8 Back-up systems -- 8.7.9 Brine disposal system -- 8.7.10 Fire protection system (if working fluid is flammable) -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 8 -- Problems -- 9. Advanced Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems -- 9.2.1 Integrated single- and double-flash plants -- 9.2.2 Combined single- and double-flash plants -- 9.3 Hybrid flash-binary systems -- 9.3.1 Combined flash-binary plants -- 9.3.2 Integrated flash-binary plants -- 9.4 Example: Integrated flash-binary hybrid system -- 9.5 Total-flow systems -- 9.5.1 Axial-flow impulse turbine -- 9.5.2 Rotary separator turbine -- 9.5.3 Helical screw expander -- 9.5.4 Conclusions -- 9.6 Hybrid fossil-geothermal systems -- 9.6.1 Fossil-superheat systems -- 9.6.2 Geothermal-preheat system -- 9.6.3 Geopressure-geothermal hybrid systems -- 9.7 Combined heat and power plants -- 9.8 Power plants for hypersaline brines -- 9.8.1 Flash-crystallizer/reactor-clarifier (FCRC) systems -- 9.8.2 pH modification (pH-Mod) systems -- 9.9 Solar-geothermal hybrid plants -- 9.9.1 Basic concept -- 9.9.2 Geothermal-augmented solar thermal plants -- 9.9.3 Solar-augmented binary plants.

9.9.4 Solar-augmented flash plants -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 9 -- Problems -- 10. Exergy Analysis Applied to Geothermal Power Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 First Law for open, steady systems -- 10.3 Second Law for open, steady systems -- 10.4 Exergy -- 10.4.1 General concept -- 10.4.2 Exergy of fluid streams -- 10.4.3 Exergy for heat transfer -- 10.4.4 Exergy for work transfer -- 10.5 Exergy accounting for open, steady systems -- 10.6 Exergy efficiencies and applications to geothermal plants -- 10.6.1 Definitions of exergy efficiencies -- 10.6.2 Exergy efficiencies for turbines -- 10.6.3 Exergy efficiencies for heat exchangers -- 10.6.4 Exergy efficiencies for flash vessels -- 10.6.5 Exergy efficiencies for compressors -- 10.6.6 Exergy efficiencies for pumps -- 10.6.7 Exergy analysis for production wells -- References -- Problems -- 3. Geothermal Power Plant Case Studies -- 11. Larderello Dry-Steam Power Plants, Tuscany, Italy -- 11.1 History of development -- 11.2 Geology and reservoir characteristics -- 11.3 Power plants -- 11.3.1 Early power plants -- 11.3.2 Power plants of the modern era -- 11.3.2.1 Direct-intake, exhausting-to-atmosphere units -- 11.3.2.2 Direct-intake, condensing units -- 11.3.3 Recent power plant designs -- 11.4 Mitigation of environmental impact -- References -- Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 11 -- 12. The Geysers Dry-Steam Power Plants, Sonoma and Lake Counties, California, USA -- 12.1 History and early power plants -- 12.2 Geographic and geologic setting -- 12.3 Well drilling -- 12.4 Steam pipeline system -- 12.5 Power plants -- 12.5.1 Plant design under PG&E -- 12.5.2 SMUDGEO #1 plant design -- 12.5.3 Power plant operations under Calpine ownership -- 12.6 Recharging the reservoir -- 12.7 Toward sustainability -- References.

13. Cerro Prieto Power Station, Baja California Norte, Mexico.