Practical Guide to Equine Colic -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Overview of Practical Guide to Equine Colic -- 1 Patient Signalment and History -- Importance of the patient's history -- Signalment -- Obtaining the patient's history -- Initial history -- Obtaining a more detailed history -- Application of the patient's history -- References -- 2 Physical Examination -- Importance of the physical examination -- Initial patient observation -- Physical examination -- Rapid assessment of cardiovascular status -- Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract -- Rectal temperature -- Respiratory rate and evaluation of the respiratory system -- Digital pulses -- Applications of the physical examination -- References -- 3 Abdominal Palpation per Rectum -- Indications -- Preparation -- Restraint -- Rectal sleeve -- Lubrication -- Relaxation of the rectum -- Sedation -- Procedure -- Normal anatomy -- Abnormal findings -- Complications -- Rectal tear -- References -- 4 Nasogastric Intubation -- Indications -- Preparation -- Nasogastric tube -- Buckets and water -- Stomach pump or dose syringe -- Medications -- Procedure -- Nasogastric intubation1 -- Assessing for reflux -- Information gained by nasogastric intubation -- Complications -- Hemorrhage -- Tracheal intubation -- Pharyngeal and esophageal trauma -- Problems with the nasogastric tube -- References -- 5 Management of Mild Colic -- Practical perspective of colic -- Clinical indications of mild colic -- Management of mild colic -- Analgesia -- Spasmolytic drugs -- Fluid therapy -- Laxatives -- Nutrition -- Monitoring -- Management changes and prevention -- When colic is no longer considered mild -- References -- 6 Analgesia -- Indications -- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- Mechanism of action -- Clinical use -- Adverse effects and contraindications.

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists -- Mechanism of action -- Clinical use -- Adverse effects and contraindication -- Opioids -- Mechanism of action -- Clinical use -- Adverse effects and contraindications -- Intravenous lidocaine -- Mechanism of action -- Clinical use -- Adverse effects and contraindications -- Hyoscine-N-butylbromide -- Mechanism of action -- Clinical use -- Adverse effects and contraindications -- References -- 7 Enteral Fluid Therapy -- Indications -- Transit and absorption of fluids and electrolytes -- Indications -- Contraindications -- Preparation -- Composition of enteral fluids -- Technique -- Intermittent boluses -- Continuous infusion -- Complications -- Colic -- Electrolyte disturbances -- Diarrhea -- Nasogastric tube-associated problems -- References -- 8 Referral of the Horse with Colic -- Importance of early referral -- Indications -- Signs of abdominal pain -- Shock -- Tachycardia or increasing heart rate -- Nasogastric reflux -- Evidence of intestinal obstruction or poor intestinal motility -- Preparation -- Patient -- Client -- References -- 9 Clinical Laboratory Data -- Indications -- Hematology -- Erythrogram -- Leukogram -- Clinical chemistry -- Acid-base evaluation -- Electrolytes -- Hepatobiliary assessment -- Renal parameters -- Metabolic indicators -- Coagulation -- Platelets -- Secondary hemostasis -- Coagulation inhibitors -- Application of clinical pathology findings -- References -- 10 Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Analysis -- Indications -- Preparation -- Procedure -- Needle technique -- Teat cannula technique -- Complications -- Peritoneal fluid analysis -- Nonrepresentative sampling -- Gross characteristics -- Biochemical evaluation -- Cells and cell counts -- Interpretation of findings -- Application of peritoneal fluid analysis -- References -- 11 Intravenous Catheterization and Fluid Therapy.

Basics of fluid distribution throughout the body -- Oxygen delivery to the cells -- IV catheterization -- Indications -- Preparation -- Procedure -- Complications -- IV fluid therapy -- Isotonic crystalloids -- Hypertonic saline solution (HSS) -- Colloids -- References -- 12 Abdominal Sonographic Evaluation -- Indications -- Preparation -- Patient -- Transducer selection -- Procedure -- Fast localized abdominal sonography of horses (FLASH) -- Complete abdominal examination -- Transrectal examination -- Application of abdominal sonography to the colic patient -- Large colon displacements -- Large intestinal impactions -- Right dorsal colitis -- Intussusceptions -- Small intestinal lesions -- Peritoneal fluid, peritonitis, and gastrointestinal rupture -- Hemoperitoneum -- Hernias -- Masses -- Other -- References -- 13 Abdominal Radiographic Examination -- Indications -- Preparation -- Equipment -- Patient -- Procedure -- Adult horse -- Foals -- Application of abdominal radiography to the colic patient -- Enterolithiasis -- Sand accumulation -- Metallic foreign material -- Diaphragmatic hernia -- Foal -- References -- 14 Trocharization -- Indications -- Preparation -- Procedure -- Paralumbar approach -- Transrectal approach -- Complications -- 15 Medical versus Surgical Treatment of the Horse with Colic -- General indications for surgery -- Persistent or severe abdominal pain -- Lack of response to medical management -- Signs of complete or partial intestinal obstruction -- Ancillary tests -- Indications for specific lesions -- Small intestinal lesions -- Large colon impaction -- Cecal impaction -- Small colon impaction -- Colitis -- Peritonitis -- Postpartum hemorrhage -- The decision for euthanasia without surgical treatment -- Prognostic indices -- Gastrointestinal tract perforation -- References -- 16 Colic Surgery -- Indications -- Preparation.

Cardiovascular stabilization -- Analgesic drugs -- Antimicrobial drugs -- General anesthesia -- Surgical site preparation -- Exploratory procedures -- Ventral approaches -- Lateral approaches -- Laparoscopy -- Selected surgical procedures -- Needle decompression -- Overview of enterotomy procedure -- Partial typhlectomy -- Overview of the resection and anastomosis procedure -- Colopexy -- Diagnosis and correction of selected specific conditions -- References -- 17 Specific Causes of Colic -- Gastric diseases -- Small intestinal disease -- Inflammatory disease -- Simple obstruction -- Functional obstruction -- Strangulating obstruction -- Cecal disease -- Large (ascending) colon disease -- Inflammatory disease -- Simple obstruction -- Small (descending) colon disease -- Neoplasia -- References -- 18 Postoperative Patient Care -- Monitoring -- Patient assessment -- Physical examination -- Laboratory data -- Central venous pressure -- Arterial blood pressure -- Treatment -- Fluid therapy -- Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs -- Feeding -- References -- 19 Postoperative Complications -- Fever -- Ischemia-reperfusion injury -- Endotoxemia and SIRS -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Diarrhea -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Recurrent colic -- Treatment -- Postoperative ileus -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Septic peritonitis -- Treatment -- Postoperative intraperitoneal adhesions -- Prevention -- Treatment -- Incisional complications -- Treatment -- References -- 20 Biosecurity -- Importance of biosecurity -- Purpose of this chapter -- Components of a biosecurity program -- Preventive measures -- Biosecurity for the hospitalized equine colic patient -- Specific concerns -- Patient management -- Biosecurity for the equine colic patient at home -- General recommendations for isolating a horse at home -- Recommendations for cleaning and disinfection -- Salmonella.

MRSA -- References -- 21 Special Considerations -- Foals -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations and complications -- Pregnant mares -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations and complications -- Postpartum mares -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations -- Colts and stallions -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations and complications -- Geriatric horses -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations and complications -- Miniature horses, ponies, and donkeys -- Causes of colic -- Management considerations and complications -- References -- 22 Long-term Recovery and Prevention -- Long-term recovery -- Postoperative management following hospital discharge -- Long-term complications following colic surgery -- Long-term survival following colic surgery -- Return to use -- Prevention -- References -- 23 Nutrition -- Feeding the postoperative colic patient -- General considerations -- How much to feed -- Enteral or parenteral nutrition -- Enteral nutrition -- Parenteral nutrition -- Long-term nutritional management of the postcolic patient -- General considerations -- Postsurgical colic long-term concerns -- Postoperative weight gain -- References -- 24 Gastrointestinal Parasitology and Anthelmintics -- Gastrointestinal parasitology -- Anoplocephala perfoliata -- Definition -- Life cycle -- Pathology and clinical disease -- Diagnosis and management -- Cyathostomes -- Definition -- Life cycle -- Pathology and clinical disease -- Diagnosis and management -- Parascaris equorum -- Definition -- Life cycle -- Pathology and clinical disease -- Diagnosis and management -- Strongylus vulgaris -- Definition -- Life cycle -- Pathology and clinical disease -- Diagnosis and management -- Anthelmintics -- References -- Appendix A Clinical Scenarios -- Clinical scenario 1 -- Clinical scenario 2 -- Clinical scenario 3 -- Clinical scenario 4.

Clinical scenario 5.