Fuel Cell Science and Engineering -- Contents to Volume -- List of Contributors -- Part I Technology -- 1 Technical Advancement of Fuel-Cell Research and Development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Representative Research Findings for SOFCs -- 1.2.1 Tubular Concepts -- 1.2.2 Planar Designs -- 1.2.3 Actors and Major Areas of Development -- 1.2.4 State of Cell and Stack Developments -- 1.3 Representative Research Findings for HT-PEFCs -- 1.3.1 Actors and Major Areas of Development -- 1.3.2 Characteristic Data for Cells and Stacks -- 1.4 Representative Research Findings for DMFCs -- 1.4.1 DMFCs for Portable Applications -- 1.4.2 DMFCs for Light Traction -- 1.5 Application and Demonstration in Transportation -- 1.5.1 Fuel Cells and Batteries for Propulsion -- 1.5.2 On-Board Power Supply with Fuel Cells -- 1.6 Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications -- 1.6.1 Stationary Applications in Building Technology -- 1.6.2 Stationary Industrial Applications -- 1.7 Special Markets for Fuel Cells -- 1.8 Marketable Development Results -- 1.8.1 Submarine -- 1.8.2 DMFC Battery Chargers -- 1.8.3 Uninterruptable Power Supply/Backup Power -- 1.8.4 Light Traction -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Single-Chamber Fuel Cells -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 SC-SOFCs -- 2.2.1 Basic Principles of Single-Chamber Fuel Cell Operation -- 2.2.2 Catalysis in SC-SOFCs -- 2.2.3 Heat Production and Real Cell Temperature -- 2.2.4 Current Collection -- 2.2.5 Electrode and Electrolyte Materials -- 2.2.6 Anode Materials -- 2.2.7 Cathode Materials -- 2.2.8 Electrolyte Materials -- 2.3 SC-SOFC Systems -- 2.3.1 Electrolyte-Supported SC-SOFCs -- 2.3.2 Anode-Supported SC-SOFCs -- 2.3.3 SC-SOFCs with Coplanar Electrodes -- 2.3.3.1 Cell Performance -- 2.3.3.2 Miniaturization -- 2.3.3.3 Limitations and Challenges -- 2.3.4 Fully Porous SC-SOFCs -- 2.3.5 Tubular SC-SOFCs.

2.4 Applications of SC-SOFCs Systems -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Technology and Applications of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells -- 3.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells overview -- 3.1.1 Operating Principle -- 3.1.2 Operating Conditions -- 3.1.3 Geometry and Materials -- 3.1.4 Reforming -- 3.1.5 Balance of Plant -- 3.1.6 Vendors -- 3.1.7 State of the Art -- 3.2 Analysis of MCFC Technology -- 3.2.1 Approach -- 3.2.2 Technology Optimization -- 3.2.3 Scientific Knowledge -- 3.3 Conventional and Innovative Applications -- 3.3.1 Distributed Generation -- 3.3.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Transportation -- 3.3.3 Hydrogen Co-generation -- 3.3.4 Renewable Fuels -- 3.3.5 Other Applications -- 3.4 Conclusion -- List of Symbols -- References -- 4 Alkaline Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Historical Introduction and Principle -- 4.2 Concepts of Alkaline Fuel-Cell Design Concepts -- 4.2.1 Traditional Stacks -- 4.2.2 Eloflux Cell Design -- 4.2.3 Falling Film Cell -- 4.2.4 Bipolar Stack Concept by DLR -- 4.2.5 Hydrocell Concept -- 4.2.6 Ovonics Concept -- 4.2.7 Stack Design with Anion-Exchange Membranes -- 4.2.8 Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells Assembled with a Non-Platinum Catalyst -- 4.2.8.1 Electrode Types -- 4.2.9 PTFE-Bonded Gas Diffusion Electrodes -- 4.2.10 Double-Skeleton Electrodes -- 4.2.10.1 Preparation and Electrode Materials -- 4.2.10.2 Dry Preparation of PTFE-Bonded Gas Diffusion Electrodes -- 4.2.11 Reduction of NiO -- 4.2.12 Production of Cathode Gas Diffusion Electrodes -- 4.3 Electrolytes and Separators -- 4.4 Degradation -- 4.4.1 Gas Diffusion Electrodes with Raney Nickel Catalysts -- 4.4.2 Gas Diffusion Electrodes with Silver Catalysts -- 4.5 Carbon Dioxide Behavior -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Micro Fuel Cells -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physical Principles of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) -- 5.3 Types of Micro Fuel Cells.

5.3.1 Hydrogen-Fed Micro Fuel Cell -- 5.3.2 Micro-Reformed Hydrogen Fuel Cell -- 5.3.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) -- 5.3.4 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) -- 5.4 Materials and Manufacturing -- 5.4.1 Miniaturization -- 5.5 GDL Optimization -- 5.5.1 Flow-Field Design -- 5.5.2 Miniaturized DMFC -- 5.5.3 Discharge of Carbon Dioxide -- 5.5.4 Passively Operating DMFC -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Principles and Technology of Microbial Fuel Cells -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Electrode Materials -- 6.2.2 Membrane -- 6.2.3 Configurations and Design -- 6.2.4 Measurements, Techniques, and Reporting Values -- 6.2.4.1 Biological Measurements -- 6.2.4.2 Electrochemical Measurements -- 6.2.4.3 Reporting Performance -- 6.3 Microbial Catalysts -- 6.3.1 Anode Reactions -- 6.3.1.1 Electron Donors -- 6.3.1.2 Biocatalysis -- 6.3.1.3 Electron-Transfer Mechanisms -- 6.3.2 Cathode Reactions -- 6.3.2.1 Biocatalysts -- 6.3.2.2 Electron-Transfer Mechanisms -- 6.3.2.3 Electron Acceptors -- 6.3.3 Pure Cultures and Mixed Microbial Communities -- 6.3.4 Photosynthetic Biocatalysts -- 6.3.5 Biological Limitations -- 6.4 Applications and Proof of Concepts -- 6.4.1 Energy and Wastewater Concept -- 6.4.1.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4.1.2 Sediments, Plants, and Photosynthesis in a BES -- 6.4.1.3 Electro-Assisted Anaerobic Digestion -- 6.4.2 Product Concept -- 6.4.2.1 Desalination -- 6.4.2.2 Caustic Soda and Hydrogen Peroxide Production -- 6.4.2.3 Organic Alcohols and Acids -- 6.4.3 Providing Environmental Services -- 6.4.3.1 Recalcitrant Compounds -- 6.4.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation -- 6.4.3.3 Heavy Metal Recovery/Removal -- 6.4.3.4 Biosensors and Environmental Monitoring -- 6.5 Modeling -- 6.6 Outlook and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Micro-Reactors for Fuel Processing -- 7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro-Reactors -- 7.3 Specific Features Required from Catalyst Formulations for Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors -- 7.4 Heat Management of Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors -- 7.4.1 Reforming -- 7.4.2 Water Gas Shift Reaction -- 7.4.3 Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide -- 7.4.4 Selective Methanation of Carbon Monoxide -- 7.5 Examples of Complete Microchannel Fuel Processors -- 7.6 Fabrication of Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors -- 7.6.1 Choice of Construction Material -- 7.6.2 Micromachining Techniques -- 7.6.3 Sealing Techniques -- 7.6.4 Reactor-Heat Exchanger Assembly -- 7.6.5 Catalyst Coating Techniques -- References -- 8 Regenerative Fuel Cells -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Principles -- 8.3 History -- 8.4 Thermodynamics -- 8.5 Electrodes -- 8.5.1 Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolytes -- 8.5.1.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) -- 8.5.1.2 Alkaline Electrolysis -- 8.5.1.3 Alkaline URFCs -- 8.5.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) -- 8.5.2.1 PEM Electrolyzers -- 8.5.2.2 PEMFCs -- 8.5.2.3 PEM URFC -- 8.6 Solid Oxide Electrolyte (SOE) -- 8.7 System Design and Components -- 8.8 Applications and Systems -- 8.8.1 Stationary Systems for Seasonal Energy Storage -- 8.8.2 RFC Systems for Aviation Applications -- 8.9 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Part II Materials and Production Processes -- 9 Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development Between 1995 and 2010 at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Advances in Research, Development, and Testing of Single Cells -- 9.2.1 SOFCs with an LSM Cathode -- 9.2.1.1 1995-1998 -- 9.2.1.2 1998-2002 -- 9.2.1.3 2002-2005 -- 9.2.1.4 2005-2010 -- 9.2.2 SOFCs with an LSC(F) Cathode -- 9.2.2.1 2000-2006 -- 9.2.2.2 2006-2010 -- 9.2.3 Advances in Testing of SOFCs -- 9.2.3.1 Testing Housing -- 9.2.3.2 SOFC Specifications.

9.2.3.3 SOFC Testing Procedure -- 9.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode Fabrication by Infiltration -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 SOFC and Electrochemical Fundamentals -- 10.3 Current Status of Electrodes -- Fabrication Methods of Electrodes -- 10.3.1 Methods for Coating Electrode Materials -- 10.4 Electrode Materials -- 10.4.1 Anode Materials -- 10.4.2 Cathode Materials -- 10.5 Infiltration -- 10.5.1 Motivation for Infiltration -- 10.5.2 Infiltration Applications -- 10.5.2.1 Anodes Produced by Infiltration -- 10.5.2.2 Cathodes Produced by Infiltration -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Sealing Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) -- 11.1.2 Functional Requirements for pSOFC Seals -- 11.2 Sealing Techniques -- 11.2.1 Rigid Bonded Seals -- 11.2.1.1 Glass and Glass-Ceramic Sealants -- 11.2.1.2 Ceramic Seals -- 11.2.2 Compressive Seals -- 11.2.2.1 Metal Gaskets -- 11.2.2.2 Mica-Based Seals -- 11.2.2.3 Hybrid Mica Seals -- 11.2.3 Bonded Compliant Seals -- 11.2.3.1 Brazing -- 11.2.3.2 Bonded Compliant Seal Concept -- 11.3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Phosphoric Acid, an Electrolyte for Fuel Cells - Temperature and Composition Dependence of Vapor Pressure and Proton Conductivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Short Overview of Basic Properties and Formal Considerations -- 12.2.1 Anhydride and Condensation Reactions -- 12.2.2 Acidity and Protolytic Equilibria -- 12.2.3 Composition Specifications and Condensation Equilibria -- 12.3 Vapor Pressure of Water as a Function of Composition and Temperature -- 12.3.1 Number of Independent Variables, Gibb's Phase Rule -- 12.3.2 Evaluated Literature Data for the Vapor Pressure of Phosphoric Acid in the Temperature Range between 25 and 170ºC.

12.4 Proton Conductivity as a Function of Composition and Temperature.