INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS LOCALIZATION: With iPhone SDK Examples -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction toWireless Localization -- 1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies -- 1.1.1 Inaccurate Positioning Algorithms -- 1.1.2 Unstable Wireless Signal Transmission -- 1.1.3 Unstructured WLAN Infrastructure -- 1.1.4 Lack of Signal Analytical Models -- 1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems -- 1.2.1 An Accurate Positioning Algorithm/Approach -- 1.2.2 A Stable WLAN Signal Transmission -- 1.2.3 A Structural WLAN Infrastructure -- 1.2.4 A Graphical Fuzzy Signal Visualization Model -- 1.2.5 A Location-aware Information Retrieval System -- References -- Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems -- 2 Installation ofWi-Fi Infrastructure -- 2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family? -- 2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength -- 2.2.1 Distribution of Wi-Fi Signal Strength -- 2.2.2 Large Value of Path Loss -- 2.2.3 Small Value of Path Loss -- 2.2.4 Behavior Study on the Human's Presence -- 2.3 Optimal Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning -- 2.3.1 Overlapping Channel Interference -- 2.3.2 Distribution of Channel Interference -- 2.3.3 Channel Assignment Schemes -- 2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed -- 2.4.1 Square Tessellation Installation -- 2.4.2 Z Factor -- 2.4.3 Environmental Factors -- 2.4.4 Number of Access Points Needed -- 2.5 Other Tessellation Installations -- 2.5.1 X and Y Factors -- 2.5.2 Environmental Factors -- 2.5.3 Determining Number of APs to be Installed -- 2.5.4 Summary of AP Deployment Approach -- Reference -- 3 Algorithms Used inWi-Fi Positioning Systems -- 3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques -- 3.2 Propagation-based Algorithms -- 3.2.1 Angle of Arrival (AOA) -- 3.2.2 Time of Arrival (TOA) -- 3.2.3 Phase of Arrival (POA) -- 3.2.4 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA).

3.2.5 Roundtrip Time of Flight (RTOF) -- 3.3 Location-.ngerprinting-based Algorithms -- 3.3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithms -- 3.3.2 Smallest M-vertex Polygon (SMP) -- 3.3.3 Neural Network -- 3.3.4 Support Vector Machine (SVM) -- 3.3.5 Probabilistic Algorithms -- 3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques -- 3.4.1 Mean Square Error (MSE) -- 3.4.2 Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) -- 3.4.3 Cramèr-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) -- 3.4.4 Circular Error of Probable (CEP) -- 3.4.5 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) -- 3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System -- References -- 4 Implementation ofWi-Fi Positioning in iPhone -- 4.1 Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone -- 4.2 Implementing Location Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone -- 4.3 Orientation Filter -- 4.4 Newton Trust-Region Method -- 4.4.1 TR Subproblem -- 4.4.2 TR Fidelity -- 4.4.3 TR Radius -- References -- 5 Positioning across Different Mobile Platform -- 5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach -- 5.1.1 Signal Strength Ratio -- 5.1.2 Log-normalized Signal Strength Ratio -- 5.1.3 K-NN Hyperbolic Location Fingerprinting -- 5.1.4 Probabilistic Hyperbolic Location Fingerprinting -- 5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach -- 5.2.1 Signal Strength Value Difference -- 5.2.2 K-NN DIFF Location Fingerprinting -- 5.2.3 Probabilistic DIFF Location Fingerprinting -- 5.3 Fourier Descriptors Approach -- 5.3.1 Fourier Location Fingerprint -- 5.3.2 Example of Fourier Location Fingerprint -- 5.3.3 K-NN Fourier Location Fingerprinting -- 5.3.4 Probabilistic Fourier Location Fingerprinting -- References -- 6 Wi-Fi Signal Visualization -- 6.1 Why Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool? -- 6.2 Fuzzy Color Map -- 6.2.1 Fuzzy Membership Function -- 6.2.2 Fuzzy Spatio-temporal Cluster -- 6.3 Topographic Map -- 6.3.1 Topographic Node -- 6.3.2 Nelder-Mead Method -- 6.3.3 Topographic Model Generation.

6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments and Results -- 6.4.1 Experimental Setup -- 6.4.2 Visualization Results -- 6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization Result -- References -- Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems -- 7 Introduction of Global Positioning System -- 7.1 History of GPS -- 7.2 Functions of GPS -- 7.3 Components of GPS -- 7.3.1 Space Segment -- 7.3.2 Control Segment -- 7.3.3 User Segment -- 7.3.4 Ground Segment -- 7.4 Types of GPS Receivers -- 7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS -- 7.5.1 Ephemeris Errors -- 7.5.2 Satellite Clock Errors -- 7.5.3 Receiver Errors -- 7.5.4 Atmospheric Errors -- 7.5.5 Multipath Interference -- 7.6 Precision of the GPS -- 7.6.1 Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) -- 7.6.2 User Equivalent Range Error (UERE) -- 7.7 Coordinate Systems on the Earth -- 8 Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms -- 8.1 GPS Signals -- 8.1.1 Coarse Acquisition Code -- 8.1.2 Precision Code -- 8.1.3 Navigation Message -- 8.1.4 Navigation Message Format -- 8.2 Modernized GPS Signals -- 8.2.1 L2 Civil Signal (L2C) -- 8.2.2 L5 Signal -- 8.2.3 M Code -- 8.2.4 L1 Civil Signal (L1C) -- 8.3 GPS Absolute Point Determination -- 8.3.1 Trilateration Algorithm -- 8.3.2 What is Pseudorange? -- 8.3.3 Determining the Location -- 8.3.4 Determining the Location Using Linearization -- 8.4 Calculating User Velocity -- 9 Differential GPS and Assisted GPS -- 9.1 Types of DGPS -- 9.2 How DGPS Works -- 9.2.1 Real-time DGPS -- 9.2.2 Post-process DGPS -- 9.3 DGPS Navigation Message Format -- 9.3.1 RTCM SC-104 Version 2.3 -- 9.3.2 RTCM SC-104 Version 3.0 -- 9.4 Assisted GPS -- 9.5 AGPS in iPhone -- 9.5.1 Core Location Framework -- 9.5.2 Core Location -- 9.5.3 GPS Program in iPhone -- 9.5.4 Core Location Heading -- 9.5.5 Compass in iPhone -- 9.5.6 MapKit framework -- 10 Other Existing Positioning Systems -- 10.1 Acoustic-based Positioning.

10.1.1 Active Acoustic Positioning -- 10.1.2 Passive Acoustic Positioning -- 10.1.3 What is Beamforming? -- 10.1.4 Applications of Acoustic Positioning -- 10.2 Vision-based Positioning -- 10.2.1 Camera-based Positioning -- 10.2.2 Landmark-based Positioning -- 10.2.3 Applications of Vision-based Positioning -- 10.3 What is RFID Technology and Its Components? -- 10.3.1 RFID Reader -- 10.3.2 RFID Tag -- 10.3.3 RFID Positioning -- 10.3.4 Applications of RFID Positioning -- Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization -- 11 AI for Location-aware Applications -- 11.1 What is Location-aware Application? -- 11.2 What are AI Techniques? -- 11.2.1 Fuzzy Logic -- 11.2.2 Natural Language Processing -- 11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application -- 11.3.1 System Overview of the Tourist Guide Application -- 11.3.2 Applying Fuzzy Logic in the Tourist Guide Application -- 11.3.3 Building the Database Structure -- 11.3.4 Setting Up the Server Side in PHP -- 11.3.5 Setting Up the Client-side in iPhone -- 12 Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and Conferencing -- 12.1 What is Video Streaming? -- 12.1.1 Point-to-point Video Streaming -- 12.1.2 Multicast Video Streaming -- 12.1.3 Broadcast Video Streaming -- 12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming -- 12.3 How Does Video Streaming Work? -- 12.3.1 Traditional Video Streaming -- 12.3.2 Adaptive Video Streaming -- 12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming -- 12.4.1 Building the Location-Based Bandwidth Lookup Database -- 12.4.2 Location-based Bit-rate and Quality Monitoring -- 12.5 What is Video Conferencing? -- 12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone -- 12.7 Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone -- Appendix A: Starting the iOS SDK -- A.1 Getting the iOS SDK -- A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS SDK? -- A.2.1 What Tools Are in the iOS SDK? -- A.2.2 Apple Developer Center.

A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment -- A.4 Introduction to Xcode -- A.4.1 Xcode Project Template -- A.4.2 Xcode Project Summary -- A.5 Xcode Project Interface -- A.5.1 Toolbar -- A.5.2 Navigation Area -- A.5.3 Editor Area -- A.5.4 Debug Area -- A.5.5 Utility Area -- Appendix B: Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone -- B.1 Objective-C Program, HelloWorld -- B.1.1 Using Xcode to Code and Compile Programs -- B.1.2 What is #import? -- B.1.3 What is Main? -- B.1.4 Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) -- B.1.5 What is NSLog()? -- B.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) -- B.2.1 Infix Notation -- B.2.2 The @Interface Section -- B.2.3 The @Implementation Section -- B.2.4 The Program Section -- B.2.5 @property, @synthesize and @dynamic -- B.2.6 @property in the @interface Section -- B.2.7 @synthesize in the @implementation Section -- B.2.8 @dynamic in the @implementation Section -- B.2.9 Dot Notation -- B.2.10 Category -- B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application -- B.3.1 Using Interface Builder -- B.3.2 Creating User Interface by Click-dragging Processes -- B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone -- B.5 Creating a Simple Map Application -- B.5.1 Map Function from MapKit Frameworks -- B.5.2 Locate Yourself and Shift Center View in the Map -- B.5.3 Translate and Zoom by MKCoordinateRegion Class -- B.5.4 Switch from Satellite Map to Standard Street Map -- B.5.5 UISlider Item Handles Zoom Events -- B.5.6 Switches Web Browser and Simple Map Application -- Index -- Supplemental Images.