Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide Second Edition -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History of Wireless Telecommunications -- 1.2 What Is Microwave Radio? -- 1.2.1 Microwave Fundamentals -- 1.2.2 RF Spectrum -- 1.2.3 Safety of Microwaves -- 1.2.4 Allocation of Spectrum -- 1.2.5 Electromagnetic Wave Fundamentals -- 1.3 Why Radio? -- 1.3.1 Benefits and Disadvantages of Microwave -- 1.3.2 Transmission Alternatives -- 1.4 Microwave Applications -- 1.4.1 Fixed-Link Operator -- 1.4.2 Utility Private Network -- 1.4.3 TV Distribution Network -- 1.4.4 Mobile Backhaul Network -- 1.4.5 Ethernet Enterprise Application -- 1.5 Planning Process -- Reference -- 2 Link Planning -- 2.1 Establish the Planning Brief -- 2.2 Initial Planning -- 2.2.1 Site Location -- 2.2.2 Network Diagram -- 2.2.3 Initial Mapwork -- 2.2.4 Existing Infrastructure and Repeater Sites -- 2.2.5 Route Map -- 2.3 Path Profiles -- 2.4 Radio Repeaters -- 2.4.1 Passive Repeaters -- 2.4.2 Active Repeaters -- 2.5 Radio Surveys -- 2.5.1 Path Survey -- 2.5.2 Site Surveys -- 2.6 Frequency Considerations -- References -- 3 Reliability Standards -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What Do I Aim For? -- 3.3 Hypothetical Reference Path -- 3.4 Unavailability Standards -- 3.4.1 Causes of Unavailability -- 3.4.2 Unavailability Objectives -- 3.4.3 Apportionment of Objectives -- 3.4.4 Practical Advice -- 3.5 Performance Standards -- 3.5.1 Causes of Outage -- 3.5.2 Performance Objectives -- 3.6 Real-World Conclusions -- References -- 4 Transport Technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Backhaul Transmission System -- 4.2.1 The Backhaul Network -- 4.2.2 OSI ISO Model -- 4.3 Transport Technology Options -- 4.3.1 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) -- 4.3.2 Synchronous Networks (SDH/SONET) -- 4.3.3 ATM -- 4.3.4 Ethernet -- 4.4 Network Synchronization -- 4.4.1 PDH Synchronization.

4.4.2 SDH Synchronization -- 4.4.3 ATM Synchronization -- 4.4.4 Ethernet Synchronization -- References -- 5 Radio Equipment Characteristics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basic Radio System Block Diagram -- 5.2.1 All Indoor -- 5.2.2 Split Unit (RF Outdoors) -- 5.2.3 All Outdoors -- 5.2.4 TDM/Ethernet Options -- 5.3 Primary Multiplex -- 5.3.1 Sampling -- 5.3.2 Quantizing -- 5.3.3 Companding -- 5.3.4 Coding -- 5.3.5 Time Multiplexing -- 5.3.6 Primary Multiplex Equipment -- 5.4 Muldem (Secondary Multiplexing and Services) -- 5.4.1 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing -- 5.4.2 Overhead Channels -- 5.4.3 Baseband Filtering -- 5.4.4 Basic Muldem Block Diagram -- 5.5 Modem -- 5.5.1 Modulators -- 5.5.2 Demodulators -- 5.5.3 Basic Modem Block Diagram -- 5.6 Transceivers -- 5.6.1 Transmitters -- 5.6.2 Receivers -- 5.6.3 Basic Transceiver Block Diagram -- 5.7 Branching -- 5.7.1 Duplexer -- 5.7.2 Hot Standby Branching -- 5.7.3 Frequency Diversity Branching -- 5.7.4 Space Diversity Branching -- 5.7.5 Hybrid Diversity Branching -- 5.8 Equipment Characteristics -- 5.8.1 RF Details -- 5.8.2 Transmitter Characteristics -- 5.8.3 Receiver Characteristics -- 5.8.4 C/I Ratio -- 5.8.5 Digital Interfaces -- 5.8.6 Management and Alarm Interfaces -- 5.9 Power Details -- 5.9.1 Input Voltage Range -- 5.9.2 Power Consumption -- 5.10 Environmental Considerations -- 5.11 Equipment Type Approvals -- References -- 6 Microwave Propagation -- 6.1 Atmospheric Effects on Propagation -- 6.1.1 Refractive Index -- 6.1.2 Radio Refractivity -- 6.1.3 Refractivity Gradient -- 6.1.4 Effective Earth Radius -- 6.1.5 Anomalous Propagation -- 6.1.6 Physical Atmospheric Conditions -- 6.1.7 Modified Refractivity -- 6.2 Free-Space Propagation -- 6.3 Power Budget -- 6.3.1 Receiver Threshold -- 6.3.2 Nominal Receive Level -- 6.3.3 Fade Margin -- 6.4 Fading of Microwave Links.

6.4.1 Atmospheric Absorption, Including Rain -- 6.4.2 Diffraction Fading -- 6.4.3 Refractive Fading -- References -- 7 Antenna Considerations -- 7.1 Antenna Fundamentals -- 7.2 Antenna Characteristics -- 7.2.1 Gain -- 7.2.2 Sidelobes -- 7.2.3 Front-to-Back Ratio -- 7.2.4 Beamwidth -- 7.2.5 Polarization -- 7.2.6 Radiation Pattern -- 7.2.7 VSWR -- 7.2.8 Near Field, Far Field -- 7.3 Types of Antenna -- 7.3.1 Nonparabolic Antennas -- 7.3.2 Parabolic Antennas -- 7.3.3 Radomes -- 7.4 Feeder Characteristics -- 7.4.1 Coaxial Cable -- 7.4.2 Waveguide -- 7.5 Antenna System Accessories -- 7.5.1 Pressurizers -- 7.5.2 Plumbing -- 7.5.3 Earth Kits -- 7.5.4 Cable Clamps -- 7.6 Installation Practices -- Reference -- 8 Frequency Planning -- 8.1 Frequency Regulation -- 8.1.1 ITU-R Frequency Coordination -- 8.1.2 FCC Frequency Coordination -- 8.1.3 Ofcom Frequency Coordination -- 8.1.4 Microwave Radio Link Bands -- 8.2 What Is Interference? -- 8.2.1 Causes of Interference -- 8.2.2 Types of Interference -- 8.2.3 Effects of Interference -- 8.2.4 Intersystem Interference -- 8.3 Frequency Channel Planning -- 8.3.1 Basic ITU Arrangements -- 8.3.2 A and B Sites (High/Low Arrangements) -- 8.3.3 Alternate Polarization -- 8.3.4 Frequency Diversity Allocations -- 8.3.5 Interleaving of Channels -- 8.3.6 Spectral Efficiency -- 8.4 Frequency Reuse -- 8.4.1 Two-Frequency (One-Pair) Plan -- 8.4.2 Four-Frequency (Two-Pair) Plan -- 8.4.3 Six-Frequency (Three-Pair) Plan -- 8.5 Antenna Considerations -- 8.6 Intermodulation Products -- References -- 9 Link Design -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Diffraction Loss and Antenna Heights -- 9.2.1 ITU Recommendation -- 9.2.2 Real-World Advice -- 9.3 Multipath Fading Outages -- 9.3.1 Flat Fading Outage -- 9.3.2 Selective Fading Outage -- 9.4 Rain Fading -- 9.5 Reflection Analysis -- 9.6 Interference Analysis -- 9.6.1 Nodal Interference Example.

9.6.2 Overshoot Interference Example -- 9.7 Passive Repeater Outage -- 9.7.1 Back-to-Back Interference -- 9.7.2 In-Line Passive -- 9.7.3 Orthogonal Passive -- 9.8 Total Outage -- 9.9 Countermeasures -- 9.9.1 System Techniques -- 9.9.2 Nondiversity Techniques -- 9.9.3 Diversity Techniques -- 9.10 Real-World Link Design Tutorial -- References -- Appendix: Useful Formulae -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- About the Author -- Index.