International Handbook of Workplace Trauma Support -- Contents -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- A: The Evolution and Development of Workplace Trauma Support -- 1 The Evolution of Models of Early Intervention for Adults: From Inspired Help Giving toward Evidence-based Pragmatism -- First of All: Do No Harm -- The Primitive Dynamics of Early Intervention -- Models, Methods, Techniques, and Theories -- Remembering, Forgetting, and Reminders: Emergent Models and Historical Context -- Model Building from Modest Beginnings -- Models of Early Intervention during World War II -- Models of Early Intervention for More Recent Wars -- Evolving Models for a Rapidly Changing World -- References -- 2 Evidence-based Trauma Management for Organizations: Developments and Prospects -- Background -- Evidence-based Practice - From Medicine to Management -- What is Evidence-based Management, and Where Did It Come From? -- The four sources of information or evidence -- The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of evidence -- Evidence-based Management in Practice -- Developing Evidence-based Trauma Management for Organizations: What Emerged from the Early Debate on Psychological Debriefing? -- What Needed to Change? -- What New Evidence Has Emerged? -- More General Guidance about How and When to Intervene -- Specific Interventions for Trauma Symptoms -- Organization-specific Guidance -- Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) in the Royal Navy -- Organizational approaches to trauma management -- Conclusions -- What's stayed the same? -- What's changed? -- References -- 3 Large-scale Trauma: Institutionalizing Pre- and Post-trauma Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment -- Stress and Trauma Exposure: Mapping the Landscape of Military Stress and Trauma in the Context of Combat -- Military occupational stress -- Differential effects of stress.

Operational and deployment stress -- Combat and traumatic stress -- Data related to the experience and effects of trauma -- Promoting Community, Organizational, and Individual Health -- Fit and healthy force -- Community and organizational health -- Early intervention and secondary prevention programs -- Comprehensive continuum of care -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Commonalities and New Directions in Post-trauma Support Interventions: From Pathology to the Promotion of Post-traumatic Growth -- Introduction -- The Debate So Far - Deconstructing Myths about Group Peer Support and PD -- Myth 1: all the research indicates it can be harmful and it has negative effects -- Myth 2: psychological debriefing is a form of therapy or counseling -- Myth 3: the aim of CISM, PD, and early intervention is to prevent the development of PTSD -- Myth 4: it was and still is compulsory in many organizations -- Myth 5: many clinical practice guidelines recommend it should be discontinued or ceased -- Commonalities in CISM Interventions -- Training in CISM and PD -- Future Directions in Post-trauma Support Interventions - from Pathology to Post-traumatic Growth -- References -- B: The Legal and Business Imperatives to Manage Trauma Effectively -- 5 The Trauma Impact on Organizations: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies -- Cantor Fitzgerald: A Case Study Following the Events of 9/11 -- Organizational Trauma: A Definition -- Why Do Catastrophic Events Occur in Organizations? -- Organizational Responses to Trauma -- Suicides in the workplace -- Deaths at work due to accidents -- Witnessing deaths in the workplace -- Impact on individuals and organizations -- Organizational Responsibility and Liability -- Financial Costs of Organizational Disasters and Trauma -- Psychological and Physical Health Costs of Organizational Disaster and Trauma -- Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Organizational Challenges During Traumatic Events -- Dealing with emotional trauma -- Maintaining work motivation following trauma -- Dealing with the wider community -- Emergency Preparedness -- Benefits Resulting from Traumatic Organizational Events -- Traumatized versus Resilient Organizations -- The Importance of Leadership -- Planning and Preparing for Disasters -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 ASSIST: A Model for Supporting Staff in Secure Healthcare Settings after Traumatic Events That Is Expanding into Other European Territories -- Introduction -- Trauma within Organizations -- Staff Support in Secure Mental Health Services -- Psychological Consequences -- Direct exposure -- Indirect exposure -- Trauma Support Models in Two European Countries -- The Experience of St. Andrew's Healthcare, United Kingdom -- Developing a Model of Trauma Support That Benefits the People and the Business -- The St. Andrews ASSIST Trauma Response Model of Psychological Support -- The ASSIST Model -- ASSIST -- The Experience of Trauma Support in Italy -- Future Developments and Challenges -- References -- 7 SAV-T First: Managing Workplace Violence -- Defining Workplace Aggression and Violence -- The Prevalence of Workplace Violence -- Sources of Workplace Violence -- Intervention Strategies -- Preventing workplace violence -- Imminent risk -- Post-event interventions -- Employee Assistance Programs -- Psychological Debriefing -- Psychological First Aid -- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 The Occupational Implication of the Prolonged Effects of Repeated Exposure to Traumatic Stress -- Delayed-Onset PTSD -- The Issue of Subsyndromal PTSD -- Other Post-traumatic Disorders? -- The Relevance of Sensitization and Kindling to the Onset of Illness -- Sensitization and Kindling in Determining Future Episodes.

Sensitization and Kindling in Occupational Settings -- Issue of Delay in Receiving Treatment -- Emerging Issues -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 The Challenge for Effective Interventions in a Violent Society: Boundaries and Crossovers between Workplace and Community -- History of South Africa: A Legacy of Violence and Oppression -- South Africa: The Current Context -- Living and Working in a Violent Society -- Violence in the workplace which can result in violence outside of the workplace -- The Place of Early Intervention in a Violent Society -- Models of Trauma Support and Intervention -- Trauma preparedness programs -- Post-trauma response: two models -- Trauma support -- Four-Leg model -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 10 Adversity: Reconceptualizing the Post-trauma Response -- Introduction -- Stress -- Resilience -- Organization as Organism -- Personal Adversity -- Organizational Adversity -- Conclusion -- References -- C: New Understandings on Models of Trauma Support -- 11 The Role and Nature of Early Intervention: The Edinburgh Psychological First Aid and Early Intervention Programs -- Introduction -- What Symptoms and Syndromes Occur after Acute Traumatic Events? -- The Importance of Dissociation -- The Rise and Fall of Psychological Debriefing -- The Emergence of Psychological First Aid (PFA) -- The Edinburgh Early Intervention Model: E-EIM -- The Edinburgh Early Intervention Model: An Overview of the Stages -- Stage one -- The routine use of E-EIM: key points -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 An Organizational Approach to the Management of Potential Traumatic Events: Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) - the Development of a Peer Support Process from the Royal Navy to the Police and Emergency Services -- Background -- The Nature and Likely Effects of Potentially Traumatic Events (PTEs) -- Post-incident Interventions.

What Are the Barriers to Employees Not Seeking Help for Traumatic Stress Disorders? -- The Origins of Trauma Risk Management -- TRiM: A Mechanism for Early Identification and Management of Potential Psychological Injuries -- How TRiM Works -- Overall -- Introduction -- Before -- During -- After -- Conclusion -- Real-life Experiences -- The Evidence That TRiM Helps -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Evidence-Based Support for Work-related Trauma: The Royal Mail Group Experience -- Introduction -- The Royal Mail Approach to Trauma Management: A Brief History -- Early 1990s: the original concept -- The late 1990s: change and development -- Current Trauma Management Services at RMG: Support Post Trauma (SPoT) -- Crisis management and defusing -- SPoT meetings -- Trauma counseling -- Onward referral -- The RMG Study -- Study Design -- People and incidents -- Research process -- Research Findings -- Sample -- Experiences of trauma at work -- Support -- SPoT meetings -- Satisfaction with Support -- The Impact of Support on Symptoms and Absence -- "Good" Support: What Is Effective and Safe? -- Implications for Practice -- Note -- References -- 14 The Development of a Practice Research Network and Its Use in the Evaluation of the "Rewind" Treatment of Psychological Trauma in Different Settings -- The Rewind Technique -- Evolution of Rewind and Evaluation of the Existing Evidence -- Background to PRNs -- Evaluation of "Rewind" Using the PRN -- The Challenge of Evidence -- What the PRN Tells Us That the RCT Does Not -- Pragmatic Solutions -- References -- 15 The Emergency Behaviour Officer (EBO): The Use of Accurate Behavioral Information in Emergency Preparedness and Response in Public and Private Sector Settings -- Lessons Learned -- The Importance of Understanding and Anticipating Disaster-Related Behaviors -- Public Behavior -- First Responders.

The Role of Emergency Behavior Management Systems (EBMS): Public and Private Sector Applications.