Methods in Physical Chemistry -- Contents to Volume -- List of Contributors -- Part I Gas Phase -- 1 Manipulating the Motion of Complex Molecules: Deflection, Focusing, and Deceleration of Molecular Beams for Quantum-State and Conformer Selection -- 1.1 Introduction: Controlled Molecules -- 1.2 Experimental Methods -- 1.2.1 Large Neutral Molecules in the Gas Phase -- 1.2.2 Manipulation of Molecular Beams with Electric and Magnetic Fields -- 1.2.3 Alignment and Orientation of Molecular Ensembles -- 1.3 Experimental Details -- 1.3.1 Deflection -- 1.3.2 Alternating-Gradient Focusing -- 1.3.3 Alternating-Gradient Deceleration -- 1.4 Selected Applications -- 1.4.1 Cluster and Biomolecules Deflection -- 1.4.2 Conformer Selection -- 1.4.3 Three-Dimensional Orientation -- 1.4.4 Molecular-Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions -- 1.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 2 Laser Ionization Spectroscopy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Principles -- 2.3 Experimental Methods -- 2.3.1 Single-Photon Ionization -- 2.3.2 Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization -- 2.3.3 Ion-Dip Spectroscopy -- 2.3.4 Pulsed-Field Ionization -- 2.3.5 Strong-Field Ionization -- 2.3.6 Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer -- 2.4 Case Studies -- 2.4.1 Identification of Substances and Structural Isomers -- 2.4.2 Trace Analysis of Molecules -- 2.4.3 Laser Ionization as a Source of State-Selected Ions -- 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 2.6 Supplementary Material -- References -- 3 Mass Spectrometry for Ion Chemistry and Links from the Gas Phase to ''Real'' Processes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Key Experimental Methods -- 3.3 Ion Structures -- 3.3.1 Differentiation of C7H7+ Isomers -- 3.3.2 Generation, Characterization, and Spectroscopy of [FeCH4O]+ Ions -- 3.4 Ion Energetics -- 3.4.1 Threshold Ionization and ''Titration'' of Reaction Barriers.

3.4.2 Thermochemistry of FeOmHn-/0/+/2+ Ions (''Gaseous Rust'') -- 3.5 Reactions of Neutral Molecules Studied by Mass Spectrometry -- 3.5.1 Electron-Transfer Mass Spectrometry -- 3.5.2 Charge-Tagging Methods -- 3.6 Ion Catalysis -- 3.7 Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Part II Condensed-Phase -- 4 Solid State NMR: a Versatile Tool in Solid State Chemistry and Materials Science -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic Principles -- 4.2.1 Nuclear Magnetism and Precession -- 4.2.2 Signal Excitation and Detection -- 4.2.3 Relaxation Phenomena -- 4.2.4 Internal Interactions -- 4.3 Experimental Techniques -- 4.3.1 Sample Spinning Techniques -- 4.3.2 Spin Echo Decay Methods -- 4.3.3 Hetero- and Homonuclear Decoupling -- 4.3.4 Multi-Dimensional NMR -- 4.3.5 Coherence Transfer Techniques -- 4.3.6 Recoupling of Homonuclear Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Interactions -- 4.3.7 Recoupling of Heteronuclear Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Interactions -- 4.4 Selected Applications -- 4.4.1 Glasses -- 4.4.2 Supramolecular Systems -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Supplementary Material -- References -- 5 EPR-ESR-EMR, an Ongoing Success Story -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basic Principles -- 5.3 Experimental Methods -- 5.3.1 Continuous Wave EMR at High Fields and Frequencies -- 5.3.2 Pulsed EMR -- 5.3.3 Merging EPR and NMR: Pulsed ENDOR -- 5.4 Case Studies -- 5.4.1 Physics -- 5.4.2 Chemistry -- 5.4.3 Biology -- 5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 5.6 Supplementary Material -- References -- 6 Broadband Conductivity Spectroscopy for Studying the Dynamics of Mobile Ions in Materials with Disordered Structures -- 6.1 Introduction: ''Microscopy in Time'' in Disordered Ionic Materials -- 6.2 Experimental Techniques: Spanning More Than 17 Decades in Frequency -- 6.2.1 General -- 6.2.2 Complex Conductivities from Waveguide Spectroscopy.

6.2.3 Complex Conductivities from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 6.3 Linear Response Theory: Current Density and Conductivity -- 6.4 Conductivity Spectra: Universal Properties Detected -- 6.4.1 Time-Temperature Superposition -- 6.4.2 ''First'' Universality -- 6.4.3 ''Second'' Universality -- 6.5 ''First'' Universality: Spectra and Modeling -- 6.5.1 Different Approaches -- 6.5.2 The MIGRATION Concept -- 6.5.3 Permittivity and Localized Mean Square Displacement -- 6.5.4 Non-Arrhenius DC Conductivities -- 6.6 ''Second'' Universality: Spectra and Modeling -- 6.6.1 Approaches for Modeling -- 6.6.2 Time-Dependent Double-Well Potentials -- 6.6.3 NCL-Type Effects Detected at High Frequencies -- 6.6.4 A New Picture Emerges for the Low-Temperature NCL Effect -- References -- 7 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy - the Method and Its Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Basic Principles - the EXAFS Equation -- 7.3 Experimental Methods -- 7.3.1 Experimental Design -- 7.3.2 Data Reduction and Evaluation -- 7.3.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 7.4.1 Material Science -- 7.4.2 Nanoparticles and Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 7.4.3 Homogeneous Catalysis -- 7.4.4 Biochemistry -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Diffraction Methods: Structure Determination and Phase Analysis of Solids -- 8.1 Introduction: Diffraction - What for? -- 8.2 Basic Principles of the Elastic Interaction of Radiation and Periodic Arrays of Atoms -- 8.2.1 Scattering - Diffraction -- 8.2.2 Crystalline Solids and Symmetry -- 8.3 Methods and Their Applications -- 8.3.1 Generation and Detection of X-Rays and Neutrons -- 8.3.2 Single Crystal Analysis - Structure Determination and Refinement -- 8.3.3 Powder Diffractometry - Finger Print, Phase Analysis, or Structure Determination -- 8.4 Summary: Diffractometry-Where To? -- References.

9 Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering - Two Complementary Methods to Study Soft Matter Structure -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Basic Theory of Small-Angle Scattering -- 9.2.1 Calculation of the Interference Pattern -- 9.3 X-Rays and Neutrons -- 9.3.1 X-Rays -- 9.3.2 Neutrons -- 9.4 Selected Applications -- 9.4.1 Ion-Track Etched Polycarbonate Nanopores -- 9.4.2 Water-in-Oil Droplet Microemulsions -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Perturbed γ-γ Angular Correlation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Basic Principles -- 10.2.1 PAC Basics -- 10.2.2 Angular Correlation in the Emission of γ -Rays -- 10.2.3 Nuclear Interactions -- 10.2.4 The PAC Experiment -- 10.3 Case Studies -- 10.3.1 Local Magnetic Fields in Iron -- 10.3.2 Spin Transitions in LaCoO3 -- 10.3.3 Structural Refinements of Sesquioxides, M2O3 -- 10.3.4 Surface Studies -- 10.3.5 Reactivity of Thin Films -- 10.3.6 Strained Silicon -- 10.3.7 Diffusion -- 10.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 11 Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Basic Principles -- 11.2.1 Mössbauer Isotopes -- 11.2.2 The Mössbauer Effect -- 11.3 Experimental Methods -- 11.3.1 Mössbauer Spectrometer -- 11.3.2 Recording Mössbauer Spectra -- 11.3.3 Hyperfine Interactions and Mössbauer Parameters -- 11.4 Case Studies and Selected Applications -- 11.4.1 Basic Information on Structure and Bonding -- 11.4.2 Switchable Molecules: Spin Crossover -- 11.4.3 Mössbauer Emission Spectroscopy - After-Effects of Nuclear Decay -- 11.4.4 Industrial Applications -- 11.4.5 Miniaturized Portable Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- 11.5 Outlook -- References -- 12 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy as an Experimental Probe for the Crystal Structure and Electronic Situation of Solids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basics of EELS -- 12.2.1 Theoretical Background -- 12.2.2 The Energy-Loss Spectrum -- 12.2.3 The Use of Core-Loss Edges.

12.2.4 Fine Structure of Core-Loss Edges -- 12.3 Selected Applications of EELS -- 12.3.1 General Remarks -- 12.3.2 Determination of the Composition -- 12.3.3 Determination of the Valence State -- 12.3.4 Structural Investigations -- 12.4 Outlook -- References -- Part III Interfaces -- 13 Raman Spectroscopy: Principles, Benefits, and Applications -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Basic Principles: Raman Scattering -- 13.3 Experimental Methods -- 13.3.1 General Aspects -- 13.3.2 Raman Instrumentation -- 13.3.3 Coupling Raman with Microscopy -- 13.3.4 Benefits of Raman Spectroscopy -- 13.4 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy -- 13.4.1 Chemical Applications -- 13.4.2 Biological Applications -- 13.4.3 Variations of Raman Spectroscopy -- 13.4.4 Data Analysis -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: an In situ Method for the Study of the Nature and Dynamics of Surface Intermediates -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 IR Spectroscopy of Solids -- 14.2 Basic Principles -- 14.3 Experimental Set-Up -- 14.3.1 DRIFTS Accessories -- 14.3.2 DRIFTS Reactor Cells for Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 14.4 Application Examples -- 14.4.1 NOx Reduction -- 14.4.2 Quantification of Oxygen Surface Groups -- 14.5 Summary -- References -- 15 Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Materials Science and Physical Chemistry: Analysis of Composition, Chemical Bonding, and Electronic Structure of Surfaces and Interfaces -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Experimental Procedure1) -- 15.2.1 Basic Set-Up and Operation Principle -- 15.2.2 Sample Preparation -- 15.3 Case Studies: XPS -- 15.3.1 Analysis of Peak Intensities -- 15.3.2 Analysis of Energy Shifts -- 15.3.3 Interface Analysis -- 15.4 Case Studies: UPS -- 15.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 15.6 Supplementary Material -- References.

16 Photoelectron Microscopy: Imaging Tools for the Study of Surface Reactions with Temporal and Spatial Resolution.