PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction to CBRN Protection -- 1.1 What Is CBRN PPE and Why Is It Used? -- 1.2 What Are CBRN Agents? -- 1.3 Context of Use as It Relates to Design, Selection, and Performance -- 1.4 Acquiring Equipment -- 1.4.1 How Not to Do It -- 1.4.2 Stage 1: Prior to the Design and Procurement Cycle -- 1.4.3 Stage 2: At the Time of Decision to Procure New PPE -- 1.4.4 Stage 3: Off-the-Shelf Procurement -- 1.4.5 Stage 4: Development Program -- 2 Hazardous Substances -- 2.1 General Overview of Agents -- 2.2 Dose and Exposure -- 2.3 Routes of Entry -- 2.4 Forms of Agent Leading to Exposure -- 2.4.1 Airborne Hazards -- 2.4.2 Contact Hazards -- 2.4.3 Radiation Hazards -- 2.5 Effects of Hazardous Materials -- 2.5.1 Local vs. Systemic Effects -- 2.5.2 Acute, Chronic, and Long-Term Effects -- 2.6 Chemical Hazards -- 2.6.1 Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Classification -- 2.6.2 Respiratory Hazards -- 2.6.3 Ocular Hazards -- 2.6.4 Dermal Hazards -- 2.6.5 Ingestion Hazards -- 2.6.6 Dissemination of Chemicals and Types of Events -- 2.7 Biological Hazards -- 2.7.1 General Background -- 2.7.2 What Makes a Potential Biological Agent? -- 2.7.3 Classification -- 2.7.4 The Immune System and Infection -- 2.7.5 General Properties of Microorganisms -- 2.7.6 The Bacteria -- 2.7.7 The Rickettsia -- 2.7.8 The Viruses -- 2.7.9 The Fungi -- 2.7.10 Toxins -- 2.7.11 Other Important Methods of Control -- 2.7.12 Transmission and Dissemination -- 2.7.13 The Agents of Concern -- 2.8 Radiological and Nuclear Agents -- 2.8.1 General Hazards -- 2.8.2 Examples of Hazardous Radiological and Nuclear Agents -- 2.8.3 Types of Short- and Long-Term Effects -- 2.8.4 Route of Entry -- 2.8.5 Dissemination -- 2.9 Summary of Dissemination of CBRN Agents.

2.9.1 Methods of Dissemination -- 2.9.2 Persistency and Environmental Effects -- 2.9.3 Summary of CBRN Hazards and Their Location -- 3 Setting High-Level Requirements -- 3.1 Defining Concepts of Operations -- 3.2 Military Operations -- 3.2.1 Concept of Operations -- 3.2.2 Military User Groups -- 3.3 Domestic Response -- 3.3.1 Concept of Operations -- 3.3.2 Domestic User Groups -- 3.4 Hazard Assessment -- 3.4.1 General Comments -- 3.4.2 Scenarios and Modeling -- 3.4.3 Conditions of Use -- 3.4.4 Limits to Operations -- 3.5 Exposure Limits -- 3.5.1 General -- 3.5.2 Chemical Exposure -- 3.5.3 Radiation Exposure -- 3.5.4 Biological Agent Exposure -- 3.6 Human Factors and Task Requirements -- 3.7 Examples of High-Level Requirements Development Discussions -- 3.7.1 Coroners, Medical Examiners, and Pathologists -- 3.7.2 Law Enforcement -- 4 Designing for Appropriate Protection and Performance -- 4.1 The Hazard -- 4.1.1 Airborne Hazards -- 4.1.2 Contact Hazards -- 4.1.3 Protection Priorities and Issues Related to the Hazard -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Protection -- 4.2.1 Barrier Materials and Hardening -- 4.2.2 Air Purification Processes -- 4.2.3 Airflow and Overpressure -- 4.3 Human Factors -- 4.3.1 General -- 4.3.2 Thermophysiology -- 4.3.3 Breathing and Respiratory Physiology -- 4.3.4 Anthropometry and Range of Motion -- 4.3.5 Sensory Issues and Situational Awareness -- 4.3.6 Integration, Compatibility, and Functionality -- 4.4 The Environment -- 4.4.1 Climatic Conditions -- 4.4.2 Physical and Mechanical Stressors -- 4.5 Materials and Their Selection -- 4.5.1 General Issues -- 4.5.2 Fibers and Textiles -- 4.5.3 Barrier Materials -- 4.5.4 Selectively Permeable Materials -- 4.5.5 Filtration Media -- 4.5.6 Adsorbents -- 4.5.7 Reactive Materials -- 4.5.8 Smart Materials -- 4.5.9 Nanomaterials and Other Protective or Next-Generation Materials -- 4.6 System Design.

4.6.1 Introduction and Background -- 4.6.2 Early Design Considerations -- 4.6.3 Maintaining System Integrity to Prevent Penetration and Leakage -- 4.6.4 Preventing Penetration and Permeation of Liquids Through Materials -- 4.6.5 Preventing Breakthrough of Chemicals by Using Adsorbing or Reactive Elements -- 4.6.6 Preventing Penetration and Reaerosolization of Aerosols -- 4.6.7 Protecting from Non-CBRN Hazards -- 4.6.8 Optimizing Human Performance -- 4.6.9 Optimizing Sizing -- 4.6.10 Other Design Issues -- 4.7 Modeling Performance and Human Physiology -- 4.7.1 Introduction -- 4.7.2 Protection Performance Modeling -- 4.7.3 Human Performance and Physiology Modeling -- 4.7.4 Toxicity Modeling -- 5 Protective Equipment: Concepts, Components, and Systems -- 5.1 Terminology -- 5.2 Concepts of Use -- 5.3 Respiratory Protective Devices -- 5.3.1 Protective Concepts -- 5.3.2 Components of a Respirator -- 5.3.3 Self-Contained Breathable Gas Styles -- 5.3.4 Tethered Supplied Breathable Gas Systems -- 5.3.5 Air-Purifying (Negative-Pressure) Respirators -- 5.3.6 Powered Air-Purifying Respirators -- 5.3.7 Emerging Concepts and Issues -- 5.4 Dermal Protective Equipment (Clothing) -- 5.4.1 Components -- 5.4.2 Ensembles -- 5.4.3 Emerging Concepts -- 5.5 Future Concepts to Improve Performance in Use -- 6 Performance Evaluation and Standard Test Methods -- 6.1 Test Selection as Determined by Life-Cycle Phase -- 6.2 Issues That May Prevent Effective Evaluations -- 6.2.1 Translating Requirements to Effective Test Methods -- 6.2.2 Scope of Evaluations -- 6.2.3 Standard Test Methods -- 6.2.4 Time and Cost -- 6.3 Selection of Test Conditions -- 6.3.1 General Limits -- 6.3.2 Test Scale and Test Platform -- 6.3.3 Item To Be Tested -- 6.3.4 User-Related Parameters -- 6.3.5 Challenge CBRN Agent -- 6.3.6 Amount and Physical Form of Agent -- 6.3.7 Test Environments.

6.3.8 Preconditioning -- 6.3.9 Representative Sampling -- 6.4 Designing Methods and Setting Criteria -- 6.4.1 Setting Priorities -- 6.4.2 Degradation of Performance -- 6.4.3 CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Items or Systems -- 6.4.4 CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Materials -- 6.4.5 Human Performance Measures Using Items or Systems -- 6.4.6 Human Performance Measures Using Materials -- 6.5 Sources of Methods -- 6.6 Preconditioning and Pretreating -- 6.7 Physical Properties and Survivability -- 6.7.1 Dimensions and Weight -- 6.7.2 Electrostatics -- 6.7.3 Environmental Stressors -- 6.7.4 Physical Stressors -- 6.7.5 Other Durability -- 6.7.6 Survivability Against Heat and Flame -- 6.8 CBRN Performance -- 6.8.1 Generic Integrity and Protection Factor Methods -- 6.8.2 Chemical Vapor and Liquid Protection -- 6.8.3 Particulate and Biological: Penetration and Filtration Methods -- 6.8.4 Biological: Methods Assessing Resistance to Microbial Growth -- 6.9 Human Factors -- 6.9.1 Comfort, Fit, and Function -- 6.9.2 Field of View -- 6.9.3 Visual Acuity -- 6.9.4 Communications -- 6.9.5 Air Quality and Supply -- 6.9.6 Thermal Performance -- 7 Selection and Use of PPE -- 7.1 Operational Requirements -- 7.1.1 Examples of CBRN Work Environments -- 7.1.2 Requirements Setting and Specifications -- 7.2 Expected Levels of Performance from Various Styles of Equipment -- 7.2.1 General Comments -- 7.2.2 Material-Level Performance -- 7.2.3 Dermal Protective Equipment Performance -- 7.2.4 Respiratory Protective Device Performance -- 7.3 Performance and Selection Standards and Regulations -- 7.3.1 North America -- 7.3.2 Europe -- 7.3.3 Asia -- 7.3.4 ISO -- 7.3.5 NATO -- References -- Index.