THE INITIATION OF SOUND CHANGE -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Foreword and acknowledgements -- List of contributors and discussion participants -- Editors' introduction -- References -- Part I. Perception -- The listener as a source of sound change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The background -- 3. Theories of sound change -- 4. Bringing it all together -- 5. Further implications and 'spinoff' of the theory -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Perception grammars and sound change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The nature of the input signal -- 3. Perception grammars for coarticulated speech -- 3.1 Listeners' use of coarticulation in real-word categorization tasks -- 3.2 Listeners' use of coarticulation in categorizing nonsense items -- 3.3 Real time processing of coarticulated speech -- 4. Perception grammars of coarticulated speech and sound change -- References -- A phonetic interpretation of the sound changes affecting dark /l/ in Romance -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vocalization -- 2.1 Direct replacement -- 2.2 Glide insertion -- 2.3 Summary -- 3. Vowel shift and /l/ elision processes -- 3.1 Shift from /a/ to [f]/[o] -- 3.2 Absence of /l/ -- 3.3 Summary -- 4. General interpretation -- References -- The production and perception of sub-phonemic vowel contrasts and the role of the listener in sound change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The MMN component -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Listeners -- 3.2 Creation of stimuli -- 3.3 Electroencephalogram (EEG) recording -- 3.4 Behavioral task -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Behavioral study results -- 4.2 ERP study results -- 4.3 Production and perception -- 5. Discussion -- References -- Part II. Production -- The coarticulatory basis of diachronic high back vowel fronting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The physiological and perceptual basis of diachronic /u/-fronting.

3. Back-vowel fronting in standard Southern British -- 4. The effects of context on diachronic /u, ~/ fronting in SSB -- 5. Discussion -- References -- Natural and unnatural patternsof sound change? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Differences in articulatory timing: Fricative loss and epenthetic stops -- 3. Postnasal voicing and devoicing -- 4. Ways to overcome the 'aerodynamic voicing constraint' -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- The gaits of speech -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Contextual optimality in H&H theory -- 3. Distance traveled and lenition -- 4. Increasing distance traveled by the articulator: Velar loops -- 5. Increasing the number of gestures produced: Speech errors -- 6. The gaits of speech -- 7. Speaking and listening -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Part III. Social factors, structural factors and the typology of change -- Prosodic skewing of input and the initiation of cross-generational sound change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The perseverance problem, transmission and incrementation in sound change -- 3. Prosodic skewing -- 4. Evidence from cross-generational transmission -- 5. Conclusion and implications -- References -- Social and personality variables in compensation for altered auditory feedback -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Motor control -- 1.2 Sound change -- 1.3 The present study -- 2. Methods -- 2.1 Subjects -- 2.2 Materials and procedure -- 2.3 Data analysis -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Patterns of lexical diffusion and articulatory motivation for sound change -- 1. The source of sound change -- 2. Lexical diffusion -- 3. The role of word frequency in sound change -- 4. An articulatory basis for sound change -- 5. The roles of articulation and perception -- 5.1 Hypo-correction: Cause of change or reaction to articulatory change? -- 6. Candidates for perceptually-motivated change -- 6.1 Dissimilation.

6.2 Changes affecting low frequency words first -- 6.3 Changes that cannot be articulatorily gradual -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 7. A typology of sound change and phonological change -- 8. Fortition -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Foundational concepts in the scientific study of sound change -- 1. Two conceptual breakthroughs in the study of sound change -- 2. Trouble in paradise -- 3. A problem for everyone -- 3.1 Example: English /r-/ -- 3.2 Example: Feature off-loading -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Index of subjects and terms.