Contents -- Part 1 Thyroid -- 1 Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid -- Anatomy -- Physiology -- 2 Thyroid investigations -- Tests of hormone concentration -- Tests of homeostatic control -- Antibody screen -- Scintiscanning -- Ultrasound (US) scanning -- Fine needle aspiration (FNAC) cytology -- Computed tomography (CT) -- Additional laboratory investigations -- Sick euthyroid syndrome (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) -- Atypical clinical situations -- 3 Thyrotoxicosis -- Aetiology -- Manifestations of hyperthyroidism -- Treatment -- Thyroid crisis (storm) -- Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy -- Hyperthyroidism in children -- Secondary hyperthyroidism -- 4 Graves' ophthalmopathy, dermopathy, and acropachy -- Graves' ophthalmopathy -- Graves' dermopathy -- Thyroid acropachy -- 5 Multinodular goitre and solitary adenomas -- Background -- Clinical evaluation -- Investigations -- Treatment -- 6 Thyroiditis -- Background -- Chronic autoimmune (atrophic or Hashimoto's) thyroiditis -- Other types of thyroiditis -- 7 Hypothyroidism -- Background -- Clinical picture -- Subclinical hypothyroidism -- Treatment of hypothyroidism -- Congenital hypothyroidism -- 8 Amiodarone and thyroid function -- Background -- Pathogenesis -- Diagnosis and treatment -- 9 Thyroid cancer -- Epidemiology -- Aetiology -- Papillary thyroid carcinoma -- Follicular carcinoma (FTC) -- Follow-up of papillary and FTC -- Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) -- Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer -- Lymphoma -- Part 2 Pituitary -- 10 Anatomy and physiology of anterior pituitary gland -- Anatomy -- Physiology -- 11 Imaging -- Background -- MRI appearances -- Pituitary adenomas -- Craniopharyngiomas -- 12 Pituitary function-dynamic tests -- Insulin tolerance test (ITT) -- Glucagon test -- ACTH stimulation test -- Arginine test -- Clomifene test -- hCG test -- GnRH test -- TRH test.

13 Hypopituitarism -- Definition -- Causes -- Features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- 14 Anterior pituitary hormone replacement -- Background -- Thyroid hormone replacement -- Sex hormone replacement -- Glucocorticoids -- 15 Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults -- Background -- Definition -- Prevalence -- Benefits of GH replacement -- NICE guidelines for GH replacement -- Diagnosis -- Who should be tested? -- Investigation of GH deficiency -- Treatment of GH deficiency -- 16 Pituitary tumours -- Pathogenesis -- Molecular mechanisms of pituitary tumour pathogenesis -- 17 Prolactinomas -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Hyperprolactinaemia and drugs -- 'Idiopathic' hyperprolactinaemia -- Treatment -- Management of prolactinomas in pregnancy -- 18 Acromegaly -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Causes -- Associations -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Management -- Mortality data -- 19 Cushing's disease -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Follow-up -- Prognosis -- Cushing's syndrome in children -- 20 Non-functioning pituitary tumours -- Background -- Epidemiology -- Pathology -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Management -- Follow-up -- Prognosis -- 21 Gonadotrophinomas -- Background -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Management -- 22 Thyrotrophinomas -- Epidemiology -- Tumour biology and behaviour -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Management -- 23 Pituitary incidentalomas -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Natural history -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- 24 Pituitary carcinoma -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathology and pathogenesis -- Features -- Invasive adenomas -- Neuroradiological classification of pituitary adenomas (modified Hardy criteria) -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- Pituitary metastases.

25 Craniopharyngiomas and perisellar cysts -- Prevalence -- Epidemiology -- Pathology -- Features -- Investigations -- Management -- Prognosis -- 26 Parasellar tumours -- Meningiomas -- Clivus chordomas -- Hamartomas -- Ependymomas -- 27 Parasellar inflammatory conditions -- Neurosarcoidosis -- Langerhans' cell histiocytosis -- Tuberculosis -- 28 Lymphocytic hypophysitis -- Background -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Pathology -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Natural history -- Relationship to other conditions -- 29 Surgical treatment of pituitary tumours -- Trans-sphenoidal surgery -- Trans-frontal craniotomy -- 30 Pituitary radiotherapy -- Indications -- Technique -- Efficacy -- Complications -- 31 Drug treatment of pituitary tumours -- Dopamine agonists -- Somatostatin analogues -- Growth hormone receptor antagonist -- 32 Posterior pituitary -- Physiology and pathology -- Oxytocin -- Vasopressin and neurophysin -- 33 Diabetes insipidus (Dl) -- Definition -- Classification -- Features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- 34 Hyponatraemia -- Incidence -- Causes -- Features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Neurosugical hyponatraemia -- Unexplained hyponatraemia -- 35 Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) -- Definition -- Criteria for diagnosis -- Types of SIADH -- Investigation of aetiology of SIADH -- Treatment -- 36 Hypothalamus -- Pathophysiology -- Hypothalamic syndrome -- 37 Eating disorders -- Anorexia nervosa -- Bulimia -- 38 Pineal gland -- Physiology -- Pineal and intracranial germ cell tumours -- Features -- Investigations -- Management -- Prognosis -- Part 3 Adrenals -- 39 Anatomy and physiology -- Anatomy -- Physiology -- 40 Imaging -- Computed tomography (CT) scanning -- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- Ultrasound (US) imaging -- Normal adrenal -- Radionucleotide imaging -- Positron emission tomography (PET).

Venous sampling -- 41 Mineralocorticoid excess -- Definitions -- 42 Primary aldosteronism -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features -- Conn's syndrome-aldosterone-producing adenoma -- Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism) -- Glucocorticoid-remedial aldosteronism (GRA) -- Aldosterone-producing carcinoma -- Screening -- Confirmation of diagnosis -- Localization and confirmation of differential diagnosis -- Treatment -- 43 Excess other mineralocorticoids -- Epidemiology -- Apparent mineralocorticoid excess -- Liquorice ingestion -- Ectopic ACTH syndrome -- Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) excess -- 44 Adrenal Cushing's syndrome -- Definition and epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- Subclinical Cushing's syndrome -- 45 Adrenal surgery -- Adrenalectomy -- 46 Renal tubular abnormalities -- Background -- Liddle's syndrome -- Bartter's syndrome -- Gitelman's syndrome -- 47 Mineralocorticoid deficiency -- Epidemiology -- Causes -- Treatment -- 48 Adrenal insufficiency -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- 49 Addison's disease -- Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency -- Autoimmune adrenalitis -- Clinical features -- Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 1 -- APS types 2-4 -- Investigation of primary adrenal insufficiency -- Treatment -- 50 Long-term glucocorticoid administration -- Short-term steroids -- Steroid cover -- Long-term steroids -- Cushing's syndrome -- 51 Adrenal incidentalomas -- Definition and epidemiology -- Importance -- Differential diagnosis of an incidentally detected adrenal nodule -- Investigations -- Management -- 52 Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas -- Definition -- Incidence -- Epidemiology -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features -- Complications -- Investigations -- Management.

Part 4 Reproductive endocrinology -- 53 Hirsutism -- Definition -- Physiology of hair growth -- Androgen production in women -- Evaluation -- 54 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Secondary causes of PCOS -- Features -- Investigations -- Management -- 55 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in adults -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Biochemistry -- Clinical presentation -- Investigations -- Management -- Monitoring of treatment -- Prognosis -- 56 Androgen-secreting tumours -- Definition -- Epidemiology and pathology -- Clinical features -- Investigations -- Management -- Prognosis -- 57 Menstrual function disorders-assessment and investigation -- Definitions -- Clinical evaluation -- Investigations -- Management -- 58 Premature ovarian failure (POP) -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Clinical presentation -- Investigation -- Management -- Prognosis -- 59 Menopause -- Definition -- Long-term consequences -- Clinical presentation -- Evaluation (e.g. if HRT is being considered) -- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) -- 60 Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) -- Introduction -- Benefits -- Risks -- Practical issues -- 61 Testicular physiology -- Anatomy -- Regulation of testicular function -- Physiology -- 62 Male hypogonadism -- Definition -- Epidemiology -- Secondary hypogonadism -- Primary hypogonadism -- Clinical assessment -- 63 Androgen replacement therapy -- Treatment aims -- Indications for treatment -- Risks and side effects -- 64 Gynaecomastia -- Definition -- Evaluation -- Management -- 65 Erectile dysfunction -- Definition -- Physiology of male sexual function -- Pathophysiology -- Evaluation -- Management -- 66 Testicular tumours -- Epidemiology -- Risk factors -- Prognosis -- 67 Infertility -- Definition -- Causes -- Evaluation -- Management -- Ovulation induction.

68 Disorders of sexual differentiation.