
Acoustics : Sound Fields and Transducers.
Title:
Acoustics : Sound Fields and Transducers.
Author:
Beranek, Leo L.
ISBN:
9780123914866
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (721 pages)
Contents:
Front Cover -- Acoustics: Sound Fields and Transducers -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 - Introduction and terminology -- 1.1 A LITTLE HISTORY -- 1.2 WHAT IS SOUND? -- 1.3 PROPAGATION OF SOUND THROUGH GAS -- 1.4 MEASURABLE ASPECTS OF SOUND -- 1.5 GENERAL -- 1.6 STANDARD INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS -- 1.7 PRESSURE AND DENSITY -- 1.8 SPEED AND VELOCITY -- 1.9 IMPEDANCE -- 1.10 INTENSITY, ENERGY DENSITY, AND LEVELS -- Notes -- Chapter 2 - The wave equation and solutions -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 DERIVATION OF THE WAVE EQUATION -- 2.3 GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATION -- 2.4 SOLUTION OF WAVE EQUATION FOR AIR IN A TUBE TERMINATED BY AN IMPEDANCE -- 2.5 SOLUTION OF WAVE EQUATION FOR AIR IN A TUBE FILLED WITH ABSORBENT MATERIAL -- 2.6 FREELY TRAVELING PLANE WAVE -- 2.7 FREELY TRAVELING CYLINDRICAL WAVE -- 2.8 FREELY TRAVELING SPHERICAL WAVE -- PART V: SOLUTIONS OF THE HELMHOLTZ WAVE EQUATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS -- 2.9 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES -- 2.10 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES -- 2.11 SPHERICAL COORDINATES -- Notes -- Chapter 3 - Electro-mechano-acoustical circuits -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL MEANINGS OF CIRCUIT ELEMENTS -- 3.3 MECHANICAL ELEMENTS -- 3.4 ACOUSTICAL ELEMENTS -- 3.5 ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS -- 3.6 MECHANO-ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER -- 3.7 EXAMPLES OF TRANSDUCER CALCULATIONS -- 3.8 CONVERSION FROM ADMITTANCE-TYPE ANALOGIES TO IMPEDANCE-TYPE ANALOGIES -- 3.9 THÉVENIN'S THEOREM -- 3.10 TRANSDUCER IMPEDANCES -- Chapter 4 - Acoustic components -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ACOUSTIC MASS (INERTANCE) -- 4.3 ACOUSTIC COMPLIANCES -- 4.4 ACOUSTIC RESISTANCES -- 4.5 CAVITY WITH HOLES ON OPPOSITE SIDES-MIXED MASS-COMPLIANCE ELEMENT -- 4.6 Intermediate-sized tube-mixed mass-resistance element [a (in meters) 0.01/ f and a<10/f] [2].
4.7 Perforated sheet-mixed mass-resistance element[a (in meters) 0.01/ f and a<10/f] [2] -- 4.8 ACOUSTIC TRANSFORMERS -- 4.9 REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE FROM A PLANE -- 4.10 RADIATION FROM A PULSATING SPHERE -- 4.11 RADIATION FROM A MONOPOLE POINT SOURCE (SIMPLE SOURCE) -- 4.12 COMBINATION OF POINT SOURCES IN PHASE -- 4.13 STEERED BEAM-FORMING ARRAY OF POINT SOURCES -- 4.14 DIPOLE POINT SOURCE (DOUBLET) -- 4.15 RADIATION FROM AN OSCILLATING SPHERE -- 4.16 DIRECTIVITY INDEX AND DIRECTIVITY FACTOR -- 4.17 PULSATING SPHERE -- 4.18 OSCILLATING SPHERE -- 4.19 PLANE CIRCULAR PISTON IN INFINITE BAFFLE -- 4.20 PLANE CIRCULAR FREE DISK -- 4.21 PLANE CIRCULAR PISTON RADIATING FROM ONE SIDE ONLY IN FREE SPACE -- 4.22 SOUND IN LOSSY TUBES -- 4.23 WAVE EQUATION FOR AN INFINITE LOSSY TUBE -- Chapter 5 - Microphones -- 5.1 PRESSURE MICROPHONES -- 5.2 PRESSURE-GRADIENT MICROPHONES -- 5.3 COMBINATION PRESSURE AND PRESSURE-GRADIENT MICROPHONES -- 5.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC MOVING-COIL MICROPHONE (DYNAMIC MICROPHONE) -- 5.5 ELECTROSTATIC MICROPHONE (CAPACITOR MICROPHONE) -- 5.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC RIBBON MICROPHONES -- 5.7 ELECTRICAL COMBINATION OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE-GRADIENT TRANSDUCERS -- 5.8. ACOUSTICAL COMBINATION OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE-GRADIENT MICROPHONES -- 5.9. DUAL-DIAPHRAGM COMBINATION OF PRESSURE AND PRESSURE-GRADIENT MICROPHONES -- Notes -- Chapter 6 - Electrodynamic loudspeakers -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 CONSTRUCTION [2] -- 6.3 ELECTRO-MECHANO-ACOUSTICAL CIRCUIT -- 6.4 POWER OUTPUT -- 6.5 THIELE-SMALL PARAMETERS [5] -- 6.6 SOUND PRESSURE PRODUCED AT DISTANCE r -- 6.7 FREQUENCY-RESPONSE CURVES -- 6.8 ELECTRICAL INPUT IMPEDANCE -- 6.9 EFFICIENCY -- 6.10 MEASUREMENT OF THIELE-SMALL PARAMETERS -- 6.11 EXAMPLES OF LOUDSPEAKER CALCULATIONS -- 6.12 MAGNET SIZE -- 6.13 VOICE-COIL DESIGN -- 6.14 DIAPHRAGM BEHAVIOR -- 6.15 DIRECTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS.
6.16 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM -- 6.17 TRANSIENT RESPONSE -- 6.18 NONLINEARITY [14] -- References -- Chapter 7 - Loudspeaker systems -- 7.1 BRIEF SUMMARY OF COMMON LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEMS -- 7.2 UNBAFFLED DIRECT-RADIATOR LOUDSPEAKER -- 7.3 INFINITE BAFFLE -- 7.4 FINITE-SIZED FLAT BAFFLE -- 7.5 OPEN-BACK CABINETS -- 7.6 CLOSED-BOX BAFFLE [1,2] -- 7.7 MEASUREMENT OF BAFFLE CONSTANTS -- 7.8 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 7.9 ACOUSTICAL CIRCUIT -- 7.10 ELECTRO-MECHANO-ACOUSTICAL CIRCUIT -- 7.11 RADIATED SOUND -- 7.12 ALIGNMENTS FOR PREDETERMINED FREQUENCY-RESPONSE SHAPES -- 7.13 PORT DIMENSIONS -- 7.14 DIAPHRAGM DISPLACEMENT -- 7.15 ELECTRICAL INPUT IMPEDANCE AND EVALUATION OF QL -- 7.16 PERFORMANCE -- 7.17 CONSTRUCTION AND ADJUSTMENT NOTES -- 7.18 2-PORT NETWORK FOR A BASS-REFLEX ENCLOSURE -- 7.19 TRANSMISSION-LINE ENCLOSURES -- 7.20 CROSSOVER FILTERS -- 7.21 DUAL CONCENTRIC DRIVE UNITS -- Chapter 8 - Cellphone acoustics -- 8.1 LOUDSPEAKER AND MICROPHONE -- 8.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR A CELLPHONE LOUDSPEAKER -- 8.3 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- 8.4 HEAD AND TORSO SIMULATOR -- 8.5 MICROPHONES -- 8.6 MEASUREMENTS FOR TYPE APPROVAL -- References -- Chapter 9 - Horn loudspeakers -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 ELECTRO-MECHANO-ACOUSTICAL CIRCUIT [1] -- 9.3 REFERENCE EFFICIENCY -- 9.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE -- 9.5 EXAMPLES OF HORN CALCULATIONS -- 9.6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION -- 9.7 POSSIBLE PROFILES [2] -- 9.8 MOUTH SIZE -- 9.9 INFINITE PARABOLIC HORN [11] -- 9.10 INFINITE CONICAL HORN -- 9.11 INFINITE EXPONENTIAL HORN -- 9.12 INFINITE HYPERBOLIC HORN (HYPEX) [12] -- 9.13 FINITE HORNS -- 9.14 BENDS IN HORNS -- 9.15 CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPES -- 9.16 MATERIALS -- Chapter 10 - Sound in enclosures -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 STATIONARY AND STANDING WAVES -- 10.3 NORMAL MODES AND NORMAL FREQUENCIES -- 10.4 STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT SOUND PRESSURES.
10.5 EXAMPLES OF RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURES -- 10.6 BASIC MATTERS -- 10.7 THE REVERBERATION EQUATIONS -- 10.8 AIR ABSORPTION -- 10.9 TOTAL STEADY SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL -- 10.10 OPTIMUM REVERBERATION TIME -- 10.11 SOUND STRENGTH G -- 10.12 EARLY AND REVERBERANT SOUND IN CONCERT HALLS -- 10.13 DISTANCE FOR EQUALITY OF DIRECT AND REVERBERANT SOUND FIELDS -- 10.14 SOUND LEVELS FOR SPEECH AND MUSIC -- References -- Chapter 11 - Room design for loudspeaker listening -- 11.1 CONCERT HALL ACOUSTICS -- 11.2 LISTENING ROOM ACOUSTICS -- References -- Chapter 12 - Radiation and scattering of sound by the boundary value method -- 12.1 RADIATION FROM A PULSATING INFINITE CYLINDER -- 12.2 RADIATION FROM AN INFINITE LINE SOURCE -- 12.3 SCATTERING OF A PLANE WAVE FROM A RIGID SPHERE -- 12.4 SCATTERING FROM A RIGID SPHERE BY A POINT SOURCE -- 12.5 RADIATION FROM A POINT SOURCE ON A SPHERE -- 12.6 RADIATION FROM A SPHERICAL CAP IN A SPHERE -- 12.7 RADIATION FROM A RECTANGULAR CAP IN A SPHERE -- 12.8 RADIATION FROM A PISTON IN A SPHERE -- 12.9 RADIATION FROM AN OSCILLATING CONVEX DOME IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE -- 12.10 RADIATION FROM AN OSCILLATING CONCAVE DOME IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE -- Chapter 13 - Radiation and scattering of sound by the boundary integral method -- 13.1 THE HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE -- 13.2 THE RAYLEIGH INTEGRALS AND GREEN'S FUNCTION -- 13.3 THE KIRCHHOFF-HELMHOLTZ BOUNDARY INTEGRAL -- 13.4 THE GREEN'S FUNCTION IN DIFFERENT COORDINATE SYSTEMS -- 13.5 BOUNDARY INTEGRAL METHOD CASE STUDY: RADIALLY PULSATING CAP IN A RIGID SPHERE -- 13.6 REFLECTION OF A POINT SOURCE FROM A PLANE -- 13.7 RADIATION FROM A RIGID CIRCULAR PISTON IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE -- 13.8 RADIATION FROM A RESILIENT CIRCULAR DISK WITHOUT A BAFFLE [16] -- 13.9 RADIATION FROM A RESILIENT DISK IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE [19].
13.10 RADIATION FROM A RIGID CIRCULAR PISTON IN A FINITE CIRCULAR OPEN BAFFLE [23, 24] -- 13.11 RADIATION FROM A RIGID CIRCULAR PISTON IN A FINITE CIRCULAR CLOSED BAFFLE [30] (ONE-SIDED RADIATOR) -- 13.12 THE BABINET-BOUWKAMP PRINCIPLE -- 13.13 THE BOUWKAMP IMPEDANCE THEOREM [35] -- 13.14 RADIATION FROM AN INFINITELY LONG OSCILLATING STRIP IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE [36,37] -- 13.15 THE FAR-FIELD PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AS A SPATIAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF THE SOURCE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION -- 13.16 THE BRIDGE PRODUCT THEOREM -- 13.17 RADIATION FROM A RIGID RECTANGULAR PISTON IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE [38,39] -- 13.18 MUTUAL RADIATION IMPEDANCE BETWEEN RIGID CIRCULAR PISTONS IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE [40] -- 13.19 NEAR-FIELD ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAPHY [41] -- 13.20 TIME-REVERSAL -- References -- Chapter 14 - State variable analysis of circuits -- 14.1 A BRIEF HISTORY -- 14.2 WHAT IS STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS? -- 14.3 WHY USE STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS? -- 14.4 WHAT ARE THE RESTRICTIONS? -- 14.5 SOME BASIC CIRCUIT THEORY -- 14.6 GRAPH THEORY -- 14.7 WORKED EXAMPLE NO. 1: LOUDSPEAKER IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH A BASS-REFLEX PORT -- 14.8 SOLUTION OF THE WORKED EXAMPLE USING THE FADDEEV-LEVERRIER ALGORITHM [10] -- 14.9 FAR-FIELD ON-AXIS PRESSURE -- 14.10 WORKED EXAMPLE NO. 2: LOUDSPEAKER IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH A BASS-REFLEX PORT USING THE NORTON EQUIVALENT SOURCE -- 14.11 WORKED EXAMPLE NO. 3: LOUDSPEAKER IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH A BASS-REFLEX PORT USING A TRANSFORMER AND GYRATOR -- 14.12 WORKED EXAMPLE NO. 4: LOUDSPEAKER IN AN ENCLOSURE WITH A BASS-REFLEX PORT USING CONTROLLED SOURCES -- 14.13 GYRATOR COMPRISING TWO CURRENT-CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCES -- References -- Appendix I - Frequency-response shapes for loudspeakers [1] -- References -- Appendix II - Mathematical formulas [1,2] -- References -- Appendix III - Conversion factors -- Index.
Abstract:
Acoustics: Sound Fields and Transducers is a thoroughly updated version of Leo Beranek's classic 1954 book that retains and expands on the original's detailed acoustical fundamentals while adding practical formulas and simulation methods. Serving both as a text for students in engineering departments and as a reference for practicing engineers, this book focuses on electroacoustics, analyzing the behavior of transducers with the aid of electro-mechano-acoustical circuits. Assuming knowledge of electrical circuit theory, it starts by guiding readers through the basics of sound fields, the laws governing sound generation, radiation, and propagation, and general terminology. It then moves on to examine: Microphones (electrostatic and electromagnetic), electrodynamic loudspeakers, earphones, and horns Loudspeaker enclosures, baffles, and waveguides Miniature applications (e.g., MEMS in I-Pods and cellphones) Sound in enclosures of all sizes, such as school rooms, offices, auditoriums, and living rooms Numerical examples and summary charts are given throughout the text to make the material easily applicable to practical design. It is a valuable resource for experimenters, acoustical consultants, and to those who anticipate being engineering designers of audio equipment. An update for the digital age of Leo Beranek's classic 1954 book Acoustics Provides detailed acoustic fundamentals, enabling better understanding of complex design parameters, measurement methods, and data Extensive appendices cover frequency-response shapes for loudspeakers, mathematical formulas, and conversion factors.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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