CONTENTS -- Preface -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel -- Introduction -- Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy -- Other idiopathic generalized syndromes that share similar seizure types are -- Childhood absence epilepsy -- Juvenile absence epilepsy -- Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures on awakening (Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone under the new terminology) -- Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsy -- Other syndromes to consider in this category are -- Lennox-Gastaut syndrome -- Myoclonic astatic epilepsy or epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures (Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures under the new terminology) -- There are other specific syndromes that deserve special consideration: Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) -- Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-and-Wave Discharges during Slow-Wave Sleep (CSWS) or Encephalopathy with Electrical Status Epilepticus during Slow-Wave Sleep (ESES) -- Landau Kleffner syndrome -- Focal Idiopathic Epilepsy -- Panayiotopoulos type -- Gastaut type -- References -- Chapter 2. Treatment of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Anup Patel and Jorge Vidaurre -- Introduction -- Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy -- Valproic acid -- Levetiracetam -- Lamotrigine -- Topiramate -- Zonisamide -- Clonazepam -- Childhood Absence Epilepsy -- Ethosuximide -- Benign Rolandic Epilepsy -- Carbamazepine -- Oxcarbazepine -- Phenytoin -- Infantile Spasms -- Adrenocorticotropic hormone -- Vigabatrin -- Ketogenic diet -- Topiramate -- Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome -- Rufinamide -- Felbamate -- SevereMyoclonic Epilepsy -- Clobazam -- Stiropental -- References -- Chapter 3. Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel -- Definition -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- Treatment -- Diazepam -- Lorazepam.

Midazolam -- Protocol for SE Management -- Out-of-hospital management where neither intravenous not intraosseus access has been established (Early phase of SE) -- Management in the hospital or the emergency department -- Management in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) -- Chapter 4. Management of Seizures in the Emergency Department Kimberly Scansen -- Status Epilepticus -- Pharmacological Management of a Seizure -- Clinical History -- Differential Diagnosis -- Laboratory and Radiological Tests -- First Steps -- Laboratory and Radiological Tests -- Treatment -- Physical Examination -- Laboratory and Radiological Tests -- References -- Chapter 5. Headaches in Children and Adolescents Ann Pakalnis -- Introduction -- Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient with Headaches -- Acute Headaches -- Primary Headache Disorders -- Therapies -- Acute management of migraines -- Tension-Type Headaches -- Chronic Daily Headaches -- References -- Chapter 6. Management of Headaches in the Emergency Department Rachel Smitek and Emile El-Shammaa -- Introduction -- Clinical Approach To Evaluating A Child With The Chief Complaint Of Headache -- Which Physical Examination Findings Are Helpful In Reaching A Diagnosis? -- Headache treatment -- Migraine -- Cluster headache -- Tension headaches -- Pseudotumor cerebri -- Posttraumatic headaches -- Patient resources -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7. Autism Spectrum Disorders Emily de los Reyes -- Introduction -- Diagnosis -- Psychological Testing -- Co-Morbid Disorders -- Mental retardation -- Epilepsy -- Treatment -- Asperger Syndrome -- Pervasive Developmental Disorders -- Attention Deficit Disorder -- Treatment -- References -- Chapter 8. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Emily de los Reyes -- Introduction -- Clinical history -- Physical examination -- Neurogenetics -- References.

Chapter 9. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy CY Tsao -- Introduction -- Resources for Patients -- References -- Chapter 10. Spinal Muscular Atrophy CY Tsao -- Introduction -- Resources for Patients -- References -- Chapter 11. Myasthenia Gravis CY Tsao -- Introduction -- Resources for patients -- References -- Chapter 12. Inherited Neuropathies Gloria Galloway -- Introduction -- Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN) -- Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies (HSAN) -- Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) -- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B -- Infantile and Juvenile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy -- Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy -- Treatment -- References -- Chapter 13. Acquired Neuropathies Gloria Galloway -- Acquired Neuropathies -- Neuropathies Associated with Altered Immuno-modulation -- Variants of GBS -- Acute motor-sensory axonal polyneuropathy -- Acute motor axonal polyneuropathy -- Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) -- Distal-acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy (DADS) -- Multifocal motor neuropathy -- Vasculitic neuropathy -- Neuropathies Associated with Infectious Diseases -- Leprosy neuropathy -- HIV and HTLV1 -- Lyme infection -- Neuropathies Associated with Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders -- Neuropathies Associated with Endocrine Diseases -- Diabetic neuropathy -- Hypothyroidism neuropathy -- Uremic neuropathy -- Neuropathies Secondary to Toxin Exposure -- Neuropathies Associated with Vitamin Deficiencies -- Neuropathies Associated with Malignancies -- References -- Chapter 14. Pediatric Stroke Warren Lo -- Introduction -- Clinical Manifestations -- Neonatal AIS -- Childhood AIS -- Anterior circulation infarctions -- Posterior circulation infarctions -- Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) -- Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) -- Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS) -- Hemorrhage -- Etiology of Stroke.

Causes of ischemic infarction -- Causes of sinovenous thrombosis -- Causes of hemorrhage -- Diagnostic Evaluation -- Risk factor evaluation -- Radiographic evaluation -- Treatment of Stroke in Children -- Acute management: General measures -- Acute management: To prevent stroke recurrence -- Acute management: Once a source for potential recurrence is identified -- Vasculopathies -- Additional measures for acute arterial ischemic stroke -- Chronic treatment to prevent stroke recurrence in specific conditions -- Chronic management of hemorrhagic stroke -- Trends in rehabilitation -- Schedule for the Dosing of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) -- Schedule for Antiplatelet Agent Dosing -- References -- Chapter 15. Neurocutaneous Syndromes Monica Islam and E. Steve Roach -- Introduction -- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex -- Comorbidities in tuberous sclerosis complex -- Evaluation of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex -- Neurofibromatosis 1 -- Evaluations of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 -- Neurofibromatosis 2 -- Evaluation of an individual with neurofibromatosis 2 -- Sturge Weber Syndrome -- Ataxia Telangiectasia -- Von Hippel Lindau Disease -- References -- Chapter 16. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Shawn Aylward -- Introduction -- Clinical Presentation -- Diagonsis -- Treatment -- Pharmacological treatment of IIH -- Weight control -- Surgical interventions -- Outcome -- References -- Chapter 17. Syncope Shane F. Tsai, Jack R. Stines and Timothy M. Hoffman -- Differential Diagnosis of Syncope -- Common benign -- Structural heart disease -- Primary arrhythmia -- Miscellaneous -- Important Elements in the History and Physical Examination (Figure 1) -- History -- Common benign -- Pathological findings -- Physical examination -- Diagnostic tests -- Routine -- Advanced -- Treatment -- Routine -- Advanced -- Medications -- Cardiac pacing.

Driving Recommendations -- Referral to Cardiovascular Medicine -- References -- Chapter 18. Central Nervous System Infections in Neonates, Infants, and Children Rebecca Wallihan and Dennis Cunningham -- Introduction -- Bacterial Meningitis -- Etiology -- Clinical features -- Diagnosis -- Antimicrobial therapy -- Adjunctive therapies and supportive care -- Complications -- Aseptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Meningoencephalitis -- Etiology -- Clinical features -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- HSV -- Enterovirus -- References -- Chapter 19. Hydrocephalus Eric M. Jackson and Corey Raffel -- Epidemiology -- Pathogenesis -- Signs and Symptoms -- Diagnostic Studies -- Treatment of Hydrocephalus and its Complications -- References -- Chapter 20. Neurology of the Neonate Lenora Lehwald and Laurel Slaughter -- Defining the Neonatal Population -- Clinical History of the Neonate -- Neurological Examination of the Neonate in the Nursery or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -- Common Neurological Diseases of the Neonate -- Hypoxic-ischemic injury (neonatal encephalopathy) -- Neonatal seizures -- In utero drug exposure -- The hypotonic infant -- References -- Chapter 21. Palliative Care for the Pediatric Neurologist Janine Winters -- Palliative Care Defined -- The palliative care team's goals and roles in the care of the patient and family -- Eliciting concerns -- Anticipating Treatment Choices -- Anticipating disease progression -- Managing Symptoms -- Symptoms:Managing late symptoms in children with incurable neurological disease -- Dyspnea -- Pain -- Notes -- Titrating opioid pain medications -- End-of-life care planning: Decisions about resuscitation effects -- Focus on ethics -- Focus on a natural process -- Focus on continuing to work together -- Focus on identifying what the family can control -- Focus on sharing the moral burden.

Physical Changes in the Final Hours of Life.