FORENSIC SCIENCE: Current Issues, Future Directions -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- Reference -- 2 General forensics - no one else starts until we finish -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Medicolegal death investigation -- 2.2.1 Definition of the field -- 2.2.2 History of medicolegal death investigation -- 2.2.3 Education, training and certification -- 2.2.4 Key issues -- 2.2.5 Research and the future -- 2.3 Crime scene investigation -- 2.3.1 Definition of the field -- 2.3.2 Education, training and certification -- 2.3.3 History of crime scene investigation -- 2.3.4 Key issues within crime scene investigation -- 2.3.5 Research and the future -- 2.4 Forensic nursing -- 2.4.1 Definition of the field -- 2.4.2 History of forensic nursing -- 2.4.3 Areas of practice -- 2.4.4 Education, training and certification -- 2.4.5 Key issues within forensic nursing -- 2.4.6 International scope of forensic nursing -- 2.4.7 Practice trends -- 2.4.8 Research -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Criminalistics: the bedrock of forensic science -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Managing forensic services for quality performance -- 3.2.1 The forensic industry -- 3.2.2 Forensic service processes: scene to court -- 3.2.3 Management vs. leadership -- 3.2.4 Scientists managing scientists -- 3.2.5 Metrics for success -- 3.2.6 Quality is your product -- 3.3 Illicit drugs -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Legal control of drugs -- 3.3.3 Analysis of illicit drugs -- 3.3.4 The SWGDRUG Approach -- 3.3.5 Reporting and court testimony -- 3.3.6 A sampling of current issues in drug analysis -- 3.3.7 Conclusion -- 3.4 Forensic DNA Analysis: a Primer -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Historical perspective -- 3.4.3 The reality of forensic DNA Typing -- 3.4.4 The analytical process -- 3.4.5 Quantification of extracted DNA -- 3.4.6 Amplification of STR Markers.

3.4.7 Detection of amplified products: allele detection -- 3.4.8 Interpretation of DNA Profiles -- 3.4.9 Future technologies -- 3.5 Fire scene investigation and laboratory analysis of fire debris -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Fire scene investigation: history -- 3.5.3 Established through science -- 3.5.4 Post-flashover burning -- 3.5.5 Professional qualifications and certification of fire scene investigators -- 3.5.6 Fire debris analysis: history -- 3.5.7 Evolution of ILR Isolation Techniques -- 3.5.8 Analysis of the extracted ILR -- 3.5.9 Increasing sensitivity -- 3.5.10 Identity of source -- 3.5.11 Professional qualifications and certification of fire debris analysts -- 3.5.12 Standards creation -- 3.5.13 Research opportunities -- 3.6 Trace evidence -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Historical background -- 3.6.3 Trace evidence in modern forensic science -- 3.6.4 How does trace evidence help to solve crimes? -- 3.6.5 Case histories -- 3.6.6 Trace evidence analysis and the future -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Forensic pathology - the roles of molecular diagnostics and radiology at autopsy -- 4.1 Molecular testing and the forensic autopsy -- 4.1.1 Cardiac diseases [5-11] -- 4.1.2 Hereditary thrombophilia [34-42] -- 4.1.3 Pharmacogenetics [4,43-51] -- 4.1.4 Infectious disease [54-62] -- 4.1.5 Other -- 4.1.6 Conclusion -- 4.2 Incorporating radiologic imaging into medicolegal death investigations -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Imaging modalities -- 4.2.3 Research and future directions -- 4.2.4 Training and education -- References -- 5 The places we will go: paths forward in forensic anthropology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The history of forensic anthropology -- 5.3 Forensic anthropological practice -- 5.3.1 Biological profile -- 5.3.2 Forensic archaeology -- 5.3.3 Trauma analysis.

5.3.4 Forensic taphonomy and the post-mortem interval (PMI) -- 5.4 Current challenges and research in forensic anthropology -- 5.4.1 Validation studies and best practices -- 5.4.2 The certainty of 'positive' identification -- 5.4.3 To estimate or not to estimate ancestry -- 5.4.4 Technology in forensic anthropology -- 5.4.5 Training, accreditation and certification -- 5.4.6 Going global: disaster victim identification and human rights investigations -- 5.5 International perspectives on forensic anthropology -- 5.6 Future goals in forensic anthropology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Forensic toxicology: scope, challenges, future directions and needs -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Death investigation toxicology -- 6.1.2 Human performance toxicology -- 6.1.3 Doping control -- 6.1.4 Forensic workplace drug testing -- 6.2 Toxicology and the NAS Report -- 6.3 Research priorities and resource needs for the future of forensic toxicology -- 6.3.1 Address new interpretive challenges resulting from improvements in analytical detectability -- 6.3.2 Promote measurement of drugs and toxicants in multiple and alternative matrices -- 6.3.3 Keep up with changes in the emerging designer drug marketplace -- 6.3.4 Interpretive toxicology must be strengthened by further research -- 6.3.5 Standardize approaches and improve quality standards in forensic toxicology -- 6.3.6 Improve access to scientific literature for practicing forensic toxicologists -- 6.3.7 Promote more international collaboration and development -- Summary -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Odontology - dentistry's contribution to truth and justice -- 7.1 The discipline -- 7.1.1 Scope of practice -- 7.1.2 Who employs forensic dentists? -- 7.1.3 How are forensic dentists trained? -- 7.1.4 How are forensic dentists recognized? -- 7.2 Historical background.

7.3 Key issues in odontology -- 7.4 Bitemarks -- 7.5 Disaster victim identification -- 7.6 Aging -- 7.6.1 Key issues -- 7.6.2 Dental age estimation research -- 7.6.3 Education and certification -- 7.7 The international perspective -- 7.7.1 Global identification issues -- 7.7.2 Education, training and certification -- 7.7.3 Attitudes to bitemarks -- 7.8 Research objectives and barriers -- 7.8.1 History -- 7.9 Current state of research -- 7.9.1 Victim identification -- 7.9.2 Age estimation -- 7.9.3 Bitemark analysis -- 7.9.4 Future direction -- 7.10 The future of forensic odontology -- References -- 8 Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology -- 8.1 History of psychiatry in the united states -- 8.2 History of psychology in the United States -- 8.3 History of the Section on Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences in AAFS -- 8.4 Areas of legal importance for psychiatric and psychological testimony -- 8.4.1 Forensic neuroscience -- 8.4.2 Psychopathy and risk assessment for dangerousness -- 8.4.3 Detection of malingering and deception -- 8.4.4 Forensic behavioral science and police practices -- 8.4.5 Jury research -- 8.5 International perspectives -- 8.6 Future directions and research -- References -- Further reading -- 9 Forensic document examination -- 9.1 The field of forensic document examination -- 9.1.1 Education and training -- 9.1.2 Instrumentation -- 9.2 Principles of identification -- 9.2.1 Handwriting identification theory -- 9.2.2 Office machine/device identification theory -- 9.3 Forensic examinations and comparisons -- 9.3.1 Handwriting comparison -- 9.3.2 Typewriting comparison -- 9.3.3 Computer-generated documents -- 9.3.4 Examination of alterations -- 9.3.5 Ink analysis -- 9.3.6 Indentation examinations -- 9.3.7 Comparison of copies -- 9.3.8 Charred document examinations -- 9.3.9 Torn document examinations.

9.4 Forensic document examination past to present -- 9.4.1 Origins of questioned document examination -- 9.4.2 Albert S. Osborn and the formation of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE) -- 9.4.3 Ordway Hilton and the formation of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) -- 9.4.4 Questioned documents and the formation of the International Association of Forensic Sciences (IAFS) -- 9.5 Key issues -- 9.5.1 Certification -- 9.5.2 Certification and the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners, Inc. (ABFDE) -- 9.5.3 Standardization -- 9.5.4 Forensic document examination and the courts -- 9.6 Forensic document examination internationally -- 9.7 Research -- 9.7.1 Introduction -- 9.7.2 Post-Daubert -- 9.7.3 Current projects -- 9.7.4 New developments and future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 10 Digital evolution: history, challenges and future directions for the digital and multimedia sciences section -- 10.1 Introduction to digital and multimedia forensics -- 10.2 Definition of digital and multimedia sciences -- 10.3 History of digital and multimedia sciences -- 10.3.1 Binary expressions and the evolution of information technology -- 10.3.2 The laws of evidence and digital evidence -- 10.3.3 Digital and multimedia evidence comes of age -- 10.4 A Brief History of AAFS section -- 10.5 Key issues -- 10.6 International perspectives -- 10.7 Research and future directions -- 10.7.1 Expansion to new devices -- 10.7.2 The cloud and virtualization -- 10.7.3 Control systems -- 10.7.4 New challenges for traditional approaches -- 10.7.5 Live analysis challenges -- 10.7.6 Digital forensics for first responders -- 10.7.7 Cybercrime assessment -- 10.7.8 Envisioning image and video advances -- 10.7.9 Future tracks in audio forensics -- References -- Further reading.

11 Global thinking and methodologies in evidence-based forensic engineering science.