Metaphor in Use -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. The contributions to this volume -- 2.1 Part 1: Contexts of research -- 2.2 Part 2: Contexts of production -- 2.3 Part 3: Contexts of interpretation -- 2.4 Part 4: Metaphor, topic, and discourse -- 2.5 Part 5: Metaphor and culture -- 2.6 Part 6: Afterword and prospects for future research -- References -- Part 1. Contexts of research -- Chapter 1. An assessment of metaphor retrieval methods -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Metaphor retrieval procedures examined in this chapter -- 3. Reading portions of the corpus for candidates -- 4. Concordancing: Search term choice -- 5. Clustering -- 6. WordSmith Tools keywords -- 7. Metaphor Candidate Identifier -- 8. Semantic relatedness -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Metaphor in discourse -- 1. MIP and linguistic metaphor identification -- 2. MIP and metaphor in discourse -- 3. MIP and other manifestations of metaphor -- 4. Issue 1: Source or target domain? -- 5. Issue 2: Literal or metaphorical comparison? -- 6. Issue 3: Analysis of proper names -- 7. Issue 4: Cultural references -- 8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Metaphor identification in Dutch discourse -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Studies in metaphor -- 1.2 MIP Pragglejaz: An explicit method -- 1.3 MIPVU: Additions and alterations -- 2. Dutch discourse and metaphor identification -- 2.1 Dutch discourse -- 2.2 Differences in deciding about words -- 2.3 A more basic meaning: The dictionary problem -- 2.4 Other metaphor forms: Checklists in Dutch? -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Locating metaphor candidates in specialized corpora using raw frequency and keyword lists -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What is a metaphor? -- 3. Locating metaphors in text.

4. Locating metaphor candidates -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Preliminaries -- 4.3 Establishing the thematic content of the specialized corpus -- 4.4 Grouping and classifying low frequency content words -- 5. Further technicalities -- 5.1 A note on high and low frequencies -- 5.2 Comparing corpora -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Part 2. Contexts of production -- Chapter 5. Metaphor variation across L1 and L2 speakers of English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic metaphor and embodied experience -- 3. Cross-linguistic influence and transfer -- 4. General method and material -- 5. How often are the terms 'path', 'road', and 'way' used in metaphorical ways? -- 6. How are metaphorical 'paths', 'roads', and 'ways' described? -- 7. How are spatial relationships including 'paths', 'roads', or 'ways' described? -- 8. What do we do 'on', 'along', or 'near' the metaphorical 'path', 'road', and 'way'? -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Corpora: -- Chapter 6. Metaphorical expressions in L2 production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Research questions -- 4. Data -- 5. Metaphorical sense -- 6. The base line: The use of ta in L1 = Norwegian -- 7. The use of ta in L2 = Norwegian -- 8. Comparison between the Norwegian-as-L1 group and the Norwegian-as-L2 groups -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. Researching linguistic metaphor in native, non-native, and expert writing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Procedures for linguistic metaphor identification -- 2.1 Key starting points -- 2.2 The MIV procedure -- 2.3 Inter-rater reliability -- 2.4 A combination of procedures -- 2.5 The linguistic form of metaphor -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 The nature of linguistic metaphor in student and expert writing -- 3.2 Quantifying linguistic metaphors in student and expert writing -- 3.3 The lexico-grammatical forms of linguistic metaphor -- 4. Conclusions.

References -- Part 3. Contexts of interpretation -- Chapter 8. Appreciation and interpretation of visual metaphors in advertising across three European countries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Visual metaphors -- 3. Research questions -- 4. Appreciation -- 4.1 Experiment 1 -- 4.2 Experiment 2 -- 5. Interpretive diversity -- 6. Conclusion and discussion -- References -- Chapter 9. English native speakers' interpretations of culture-bound Japanese figurative expressions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional metaphors in Japanese and the feasibility of their 'raw' translation -- 3. The study -- 3.1 Methodology -- 3.2 The test items -- 4. Results, analysis, and discussion -- 4.1 Phenomena observed in the ENSs' interpretations and regional differences (RQ 1) -- 4.2 Qualitative analysis of the items and their interpretations -- 4.3 Strategies used in the interpretations (RQ2) -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Appendix A. -- Appendix B. -- Appendix C -- Chapter 10. The limits of comprehension in cross-cultural metaphor -- 1. Cross-language and internal variants of metaphor creation -- 2. Context in comprehension -- 3. Metaphor networking -- 4. Metaphor in drugs terminology -- 5. Shared cross-language concepts in drugs metaphors -- 6. Non-contextual factors that aid cross-language comprehension -- 6.1 Conventional metaphors -- 6.2 Similar analogies -- 6.3 Cultural overlap -- 7. Cross-language universals in conceptual networks: Individual creations -- 8. Universals in generalized networks -- 9. The limits of comprehension: Variation in cross-language networks -- 10. Native versus non-native comprehension -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Part 4. Metaphor, topic, and discourse -- Chapter 11. Conceptual types of terminological metaphors in marine biology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Text selection and corpus description -- 2.2 Corpus processing.

3. Analysis -- 3.1 Experientialism and metaphorization -- 3.2 Image metaphors vs. multiple-correspondence metaphors -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Gestures, language, and what they reveal about thought -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Gesture -- 2.2 Metaphor -- 2.3 Metaphor, gesture, and thought -- 2.4 Gesture classification systems -- 2.5 Metaphor identification methods -- 3. Method -- 3.1 The participants and setting -- 3.2 Procedure -- 3.3 Identifying and coding gestures -- 3.4 Identifying metaphorically used words -- 3.5 Reliability of metaphor and gesture coding -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Deictics -- 4.2 Iconics -- 4.3 Metaphorics -- 5. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Part 5. Metaphor and culture -- Chapter 13. Armed with patience, suffering an emotion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background: The linguistic data -- 3. Ontologies of çile 'suffering' and sabır 'patience' -- 3.1 A case of çile -- 3.2 A case of sabır -- 3.3 The origins of çile and sabır -- 4. Çile and sabır: The targets -- 5. life: A patiently paced painful journey -- 6. moral strength: All you need -- 7. less strength, more emotion -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. Trolls -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The method used for finding troll examples -- 3. A first outline of Swedish troll meanings -- 4. Cultural traditions and linguistic relativity -- 5. Traditional trolls in Swedish culture and idiomatic expressions -- 6. The Swedish troll image today and its linguistic occurrence -- 7. The metaphoricity scale: From descriptive dependence to mainly attitudinal force -- 8. Trolls in English -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15. A computational exploration of creative similes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Corpus I: Simple comparisons -- 2.1 Compiling lists of simple similes -- 2.2 Annotating the data -- 2.3 Simple elaborations.

2.4 Subversive elaborations -- 3. Corpus II: Complex comparisons -- 3.1 Compiling lists of complex similes -- 3.2 Annotating the data -- 4. Comparing corpora -- 5. Empirical analysis: Irony and affect -- 5.1 Quantifying attitude -- 5.2 Irony and affect -- 6. Discussion -- 6.1 Ironic interactions -- 6.2 Support structures for irony -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Part 6. Afterword and prospects for future research -- Chapter 16. Metaphors, snowflakes, and termite nests -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An initial speculative analogy -- 3. Snow flakes and termite nests -- 4. An overview of self-organization -- 5. Self-organization and metaphor -- 5.1 Multiple attractors -- 5.2 Hierarchies of time-scales -- 5.3 Dynamical processing -- 5.4 Global emergence, top down causality, and instability -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Name index -- Terms index.