Coal Geology -- Contents -- Preface -- Preface To First Edition -- Chapter 1 Preview -- 1.1 Scope -- 1.2 Coal geology -- 1.3 Coal use -- 1.4 Background -- Chapter 2 Origin of Coal -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sedimentation of coal and coal-bearing sequences -- 2.2.1 Depositional models -- 2.2.2 The traditional model -- 2.2.3 Modern peat analogues -- 2.2.4 Sequence stratigraphy -- 2.2.5 Facies correlation -- 2.2.6 Facies maps -- 2.3 Structural effects on coal -- 2.3.1 Syndepositional effects -- 2.3.2 Post-depositional effects -- Chapter 3 Age and Occurrence of Coal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Plate tectonics -- 3.3 Stratigraphy -- 3.4 Age and geographical distribution of coal -- 3.4.1 United States -- 3.4.2 Canada -- 3.4.3 Europe -- 3.4.4 Africa -- 3.4.7 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS -- former Soviet Union) -- 3.4.8 Far East -- 3.4.9 Australasia -- Chapter 4 Coal as a Substance -- 4.1 Physical description of coal -- 4.1.1 Macroscopic description of coal -- 4.1.2 Microscopic description of coal -- 4.1.3 Mineral content of coals -- 4.1.4 Coal petrography -- 4.2 Coalification (rank) -- 4.2.1 Coalificatio -- 4.2.2 Causes of coalificatio -- 4.3 Coal quality -- 4.3.1 Chemical properties of coal -- 4.3.2 Combustion properties of coal -- 4.3.4 Coal oxidation -- 4.4 Classification of coals -- 4.4.1 North America -- 4.4.2 United Kingdom -- 4.4.3 Europe -- 4.4.4 Australia -- 4.4.5 South africa -- 4.4.6 United Nations -- 4.4.7 Russia -- 4.4.8 China -- Chapter 5 Coal Sampling and Analysis -- 5.1 Coal sampling -- 5.2 In situ sampling -- 5.2.1 Grab samples -- 5.2.2 Channel samples -- 5.2.3 Pillar samples -- 5.2.4 Core samples -- 5.2.5 Cuttings samples -- 5.2.6 Specimen samples -- 5.2.7 Bulk samples -- 5.2.8 Sample storage -- 5.3 Ex situ sampling -- 5.4 Coal analysis -- 5.4.1 Outcrop/core samples -- 5.4.2 Bulk samples -- 5.4.3 Ex situ samples.

Chapter 6 Coal Exploration and Data Collection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Field techniques -- 6.2.1 Outcrop mapping -- 6.2.2 Global positioning system (GPS) -- 6.2.3 Portable personal computers (PC) -- 6.2.4 Remote sensing -- 6.3 Drilling -- 6.3.1 Openhole drilling -- 6.3.2 Core drilling -- 6.3.3 Portable drilling -- 6.3.4 Core and openhole logging -- 6.4 Geotechnical properties -- 6.4.1 Strength -- 6.4.2 Weathering -- 6.4.3 Texture and structure -- 6.4.4 Colour -- 6.4.5 Grain size -- 6.4.6 Total core recovery (TCR) -- 6.4.7 Solid core recovery (SCR) -- 6.4.8 Rock quality designation (RQD) -- 6.4.9 Fracture spacing index (FI) -- 6.4.10 Fracture logging -- 6.4.11 Rock mass rating (RMR) -- 6.5 Computer applications -- Chapter 7 Coal Resources and Reserves -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification of coal resources and reserves -- 7.2.1 Australia -- 7.2.2 Canada -- 7.2.3 Europe (including United Kingdom) -- 7.2.4 South Africa -- 7.2.5 United Nations -- 7.2.6 United States -- 7.2.7 Russian Federation -- 7.2.8 Peoples Republic of China -- 7.2.9 India -- 7.3 Reporting of resources and reserves -- 7.3.1 Coal resources and reserves -- 7.3.2 Coal resources and reserves maps -- 7.3.3 Calculation of coal resources -- 7.4 World coal reserves and production -- 7.4.1 World coal reserves -- 7.4.2 World coal production -- Chapter 8 Geophysics of Coal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical properties of coal-bearing sequences -- 8.2.1 Density -- 8.2.2 Seismic velocity -- 8.2.3 Seismic reflection coefficient -- 8.2.4 Magnetic susceptibility -- 8.2.5 Electrical conductivity -- 8.2.6 Radiometric properties -- 8.3 Surface geophysical methods -- 8.3.1 Seismic surveys -- 8.3.2 Gravity surveys -- 8.3.3 Magnetic surveys -- 8.3.4 Electrical methods -- 8.3.5 Radioactive methods -- 8.4 Underground geophysical methods -- 8.4.1 In-seam seismic surveys (ISS).

8.4.2 Underground gravity surveys -- 8.4.3 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) techniques -- 8.5 Geophysical borehole logging -- 8.5.1 Radiation logs -- 8.5.2 Caliper log -- 8.5.3 Electric logs -- 8.5.4 Dipmeter log -- 8.5.5 Sonic log -- 8.5.6 Acoustic scanning tools -- 8.5.7 Temperature log -- 8.5.8 Advanced interpretation -- Chapter 9 Hydrogeology of Coal -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The nature of groundwater and surface flow -- 9.2.1 Surface water -- 9.2.2 Groundwater -- 9.3 Hydrogeological characteristics of coals and coal-bearing sequences -- 9.4 Collection and handling of hydrogeological data -- 9.4.1 Surface water -- 9.4.2 Groundwater -- 9.5 Groundwater inflows in mines -- 9.5.1 Dewatering of open pit mines -- 9.5.2 Dewatering of underground mines -- 9.5.3 Water quality -- 9.6 Groundwater rebound -- Chapter 10 Geology and Coal Mining -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Underground mining -- 10.2.1 Geological factors -- 10.2.2 Mining methods -- 10.2.3 Production -- 10.3 Surface mining -- 10.3.1 Geological factors -- 10.3.2 Mining equipment -- 10.3.3 Surface mining methods -- 10.3.4 Production -- Chapter 11 Coal as an Alternative Energy Source -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Gas in coal -- 11.2.1 Coal-bed methane -- 11.3 Underground coal gasification (UCG) -- 11.3.1 Underground coal gasification - the case for and against -- 11.3.2 Underground coal gasification technology -- 11.3.3 Global development of underground coal gasification -- 11.4 Coal as a liquid fuel -- 11.4.1 Coal liquefaction technology -- 11.4.2 Coal properties for liquefaction -- 11.4.3 Future development of coal liquefaction -- 11.5 Coal as an oil-prone source rock -- 11.5.1 Suitability of coal as an oil-source rock -- 11.5.2 Coal-sourced oil and gas occurrences -- Chapter 12 Coal Use and the Environment -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Coal mining -- 12.2.1 Effects on water supply.

12.2.2 Contamination of mine waters -- 12.2.3 Other water pollution -- 12.2.4 Run-off, erosion and sedimentation -- 12.2.5 Spoil dumping -- 12.2.6 Spontaneous combustion -- 12.2.7 Dust suppression -- 12.2.8 Subsidence -- 12.3 Coal use -- 12.3.1 Electricity generation -- 12.3.2 Other major users -- 12.3.3 Coal transportation -- 12.4 Health -- 12.5 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) -- 12.6 Environmental regulations -- 12.6.1 Introduction -- 12.6.2 UNECE Convention -- 12.6.3 European Community -- 12.6.4 World Bank -- 12.6.5 Kyoto Protocol -- 12.6.6 Copenhagen Accord -- 12.7 Future implications -- Chapter 13 Coal Marketing -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Coal quality -- 13.3 Transportation -- 13.3.1 Land transportation -- 13.3.2 Water transportation -- 13.4 Coal contracts -- 13.4.1 Spot purchases -- 13.4.2 Term contracts -- 13.4.3 Indexed contracts -- 13.5 Coal price and indexing -- References -- Glossary -- Index -- Supplemental Images.