BODY AREA COMMUNICATIONS: Channel Modeling, Communication Systems, and EMC -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction to Body Area Communications -- 1.1 Definition -- 1.2 Promising Applications -- 1.2.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications -- 1.2.1.1 Healthcare Monitoring in Hospital and at Home -- 1.2.1.2 Healthcare Monitoring in a Car -- 1.2.1.3 Medical Diagnoses and Treatment -- 1.2.2 Assistance to People with Disabilities -- 1.2.3 Consumer Electronics and User Identification -- 1.3 Available Frequency Bands -- 1.3.1 UWB Band -- 1.3.2 MICS Band -- 1.3.3 ISM Band -- 1.3.4 HBC Band -- 1.4 Standardization (IEEE Std 802.15.6-2012) -- 1.4.1 Narrow Band PHY Specification -- 1.4.2 UWB PHY Specification -- 1.4.3 HBC PHY Specification -- References -- 2 Electromagnetic Characteristics of the Human Body -- 2.1 Human Body Composition -- 2.2 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Properties -- 2.3 Tissue Property Modeling -- 2.4 Aging Dependence of Tissue Properties -- 2.5 Penetration Depth versus Frequency -- 2.6 In-Body Absorption Characteristic -- 2.7 On-Body Propagation Mechanism -- 2.8 Diffraction Characteristic -- References -- 3 Electromagnetic Analysis Methods -- 3.1 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method -- 3.1.1 Formulation -- 3.1.2 Absorbing Boundary Conditions -- 3.1.3 Field Excitation -- 3.1.4 FDTD Flow Chart and Code -- 3.1.5 Frequency-Dependent FDTD Method -- 3.2 MoM-FDTD Hybrid Method -- 3.2.1 MoM Formulation -- 3.2.2 Scattered Field FDTD Formulation -- 3.2.3 Hybridization of MoM and FDTD Method -- 3.3 Finite Element Method -- 3.4 Numerical Human Body Model -- References -- 4 Body Area Channel Modeling -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Path Loss Model -- 4.2.1 Free-Space Path Loss -- 4.2.2 On-Body UWB Path Loss -- 4.2.3 In-Body UWB Path Loss -- 4.2.3.1 In-Body to On-Body UWB Path Loss -- 4.2.3.2 In-Body to Off-Body UWB Path Loss.

4.2.4 In-Body MICS Band Path Loss -- 4.2.5 HBC Band Path Loss and Equivalent Circuit Expression -- 4.2.5.1 Basic Characteristics -- 4.2.5.2 Path Loss -- 4.2.5.3 Equivalent Circuit Expression -- 4.3 Multipath Channel Model -- 4.3.1 Saleh-Valenzuela Impulse Response Model -- 4.3.2 On-Body UWB Channel Model -- 4.3.2.1 Power Delay Profile -- 4.3.2.2 Power Gain Distribution -- 4.3.2.3 Arrival Time of the First Path -- 4.3.2.4 Inter-Path Delay Distribution -- 4.3.2.5 Summary of the Derived Model Parameters -- 4.3.2.6 Measurement Validation -- 4.3.2.7 Channel Model Implementation -- 4.3.3 In-Body UWB Channel Model -- 4.3.3.1 In-Body to On-Body Impulse Response -- 4.3.3.2 In-Body to Off-Body Impulse Response -- References -- 5 Modulation/Demodulation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modulation Schemes -- 5.2.1 ASK, FSK and PSK -- 5.2.2 IR-UWB -- 5.2.3 MB-OFDM -- 5.3 Demodulation and Error Probability -- 5.3.1 Optimum Demodulation for ASK, FSK and PSK -- 5.3.2 Noncoherent Detection for ASK, FSK and PSK -- 5.3.3 Optimum Demodulation for IR-UWB -- 5.3.4 Noncoherent Detection for IR-UWB -- 5.3.5 MB-OFDM Demodulation -- 5.4 RAKE Reception -- 5.5 Diversity Reception -- References -- 6 Body Area Communication Performance -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 On-Body UWB Communication -- 6.2.1 Bit Error Rate -- 6.2.1.1 Average BER in a Static Shadow Fading Channel -- 6.2.1.2 Average BER in a Dynamic Multipath Fading Channel -- 6.2.2 Link Budget -- 6.2.3 Maximum Communication Distance -- 6.3 In-Body UWB Communication -- 6.3.1 Bit Error Rate -- 6.3.1.1 In-Body to On-Body Transmission for Capsule Endoscope Application -- 6.3.1.2 In-Body to Off-Body Transmission for Cardiac Pacemaker Application -- 6.3.2 Link Budget -- 6.3.2.1 In-Body to On-Body Transmission for Capsule Endoscope Application -- 6.3.2.2 In-Body to Off-Body Transmission for Cardiac Pacemaker Application.

6.4 In-Body MICS-Band Communication -- 6.4.1 Bit Error Rate -- 6.4.2 Link Budget -- 6.5 Human Body Communication -- 6.5.1 Bit Error Rate -- 6.5.2 Link Budget -- 6.6 Dual Mode Body Area Communication -- References -- 7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Considerations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 SAR Analysis -- 7.2.1 Safety Guidelines -- 7.2.2 Analysis and Assessment Methods -- 7.2.2.1 Numerical Techniques -- 7.2.2.2 Measurement Techniques -- 7.2.3 Transmitting Power versus SAR -- 7.2.3.1 On-Body UWB -- 7.2.3.2 In-Body MICS Band -- 7.2.3.3 HBC Band -- 7.3 Electromagnetic Interference Analysis for the Cardiac Pacemaker -- 7.3.1 Cardiac Pacemaker Model and Interference Mechanism -- 7.3.2 Electromagnetic Field Approach -- 7.3.3 Electric Circuit Approach -- 7.3.4 Transmitting Signal Strength versus Interference Voltage -- 7.3.4.1 Narrow Band HBC Signal -- 7.3.4.2 UWB Pulse Signal -- 7.3.5 Experimental Assessment System -- References -- 8 Summary and Future Challenges -- Index.