Contents -- Acknowledgments xi -- Symbols, Abbreviations, and Terminology xiii -- Part I: Materials and Modern Theories -- 1. Issues and Solutions -- 1.1 Project Background 3 -- 1.2 Scope and Direction 4 -- 1.3 Considerations 5 -- 1.4 Methodology 6 -- 2. Manuscripts and Fragments -- 2.1 Discovery of the Manuscript Fragment 13 -- 2.1.1 The Six Extant Manuscripts 15 -- 2.1.2 Relevance of the Discovery 18 -- 2.2 Stammbaum Theories 19 -- 2.2.1 Taeger‖s Manuscript Tree 20 -- 2.2.2 Baesecke‖s Manuscript Tree 23 -- 2.2.3 Manuscript Stammbaum Revised in Light of MS L 26 -- 2.3 Additional Evidence Linking MSS P and L 29 -- 3. Question of Authorship -- 3.1 Significance of Identifying the Heliand Poet 33 -- 3.1.1 Parameters and Considerations 33 -- 3.2 Evidence at Hand 34 -- 3.2.1 Historical Clues 34 -- 3.2.2 Description of the Poet from the Prefaces 40 -- 3.3 Current Theories: If not 'Who?', then 'Where?' 41 -- 3.3.1 Fulda and Werden 42 -- 3.3.2 Westphalia 47 -- 3.3.3 Beyond the Elbe 53 -- 3.3.4 Verden and others 57 -- 4. Novel Tools vs. Standardized Error -- 4.1 Overview of Standard Works 63 -- 4.1.1 Otto Behaghel 65 -- 4.1.2 Eduard Sievers 69 -- 4.1.3 Johann Andreas Schmeller 76 -- 4.2 New Transcriptions to Overcome Old Errors 82 -- 4.2.1 Presentations: Overlapping Texts 83 -- 4.2.1.1 Parallel MSS C and M 83 -- 4.2.1.2 Parallel MSS M, C, and P 87 -- 4.2.1.3 Comparison of Heliand and Luther‖s Bible translations 92 -- Part II: Historical Accounts of an Old Saxon Codex in Leipzig -- 5. A Short History of Leipzig -- 5.1 From Monastery to University 105 -- 5.1.1 The Paulinerkirche 105 -- 5.1.2 Early Protestant Movement in Prague 106 -- 5.1.3 University of Leipzig Established 107 -- 5.1.4 University Expansion 108 -- 5.2 Library Holdings in the Paulinum 110 -- 6. Latin Prefaces to an Ancient Germanic Gospel -- 6.1 The Latin Prefaces 113.

6.1.1 Johann Georg von Eccard 113 -- 6.1.2 Linking the Latin Prefaces to the Old Saxon Heliand 116 -- 6.1.3 Prefaces‖ Proof of Authenticity 117 -- 6.2 Georg Fabricius: Scholar, Educator, Linchpin 118 -- 6.2.1 Matthias Flacius Illyricus, Protestant Firebrand and Printer 119 -- 6.2.2 Fabricius‖ Earliest Reference 124 -- 6.2.3 Brotherhood of Knowledge 127 -- 6.2.4 Overlooked Fabricius Reference 131 -- 6.3 Conclusions from Fabricius‖ Letters 136 -- Part III: Reformation Rumors of an Old Saxon Bible -- 7. Prologue: the Rumors Recorded 141 -- 7.1 Introduction to the Rumors 141 -- 7.1.1 The Reformers‖ Interest 141 -- 7.1.2 From Fabricius to Eccard 143 -- 7.2 Joachim Feller: Bridge between Periods 143 -- 7.2.1 Pierre le Gallois, Rumor Intermediary 145 -- 7.2.2 Polycarp Leyser, Rumor Publisher but not Author 147 -- 7.2.3 Rumor Resources Revealed 148 -- 7.3 Organizational Note 149 -- 7.4 Terminology 151 -- 8. The Education of Martin Chemnitz -- 8.1 Biography of Martin Chemnitz 153 -- 8.1.1 First Studies under Melanchthon 153 -- 8.1.2 Königsberg Work and Studies 154 -- 8.1.3 Second Studies under Melanchthon 156 -- 8.2 Circumstances of Chemnitz‖ Report 156 -- 8.2.1 Dates to Consider 156 -- 8.3 Chemnitz‖ Contact with Melanchthon 157 -- 8.3.1 First Period in Wittenberg 158 -- 8.3.2 Second Period in Wittenberg 158 -- 8.3.3 Third Period at Wittenberg 159 -- 8.4 Dating via Parallel Historical Evidence 160 -- 8.4.1 Chemnitz‖ Reliability 161 -- 8.4.2 Devil‖s Advocate: Arguing Hearsay Evidence 161 -- 8.4.3 Motivation for Reward 162 -- 8.4.3.1 Greater Risk than Reward 162 -- 8.4.3.2 Possibility of Charitable Selfishness 164 -- 8.4.3.3 Easier Means to Reward 165 -- 8.4.4 Chemnitz‖ Knowledge of Latin 166 -- 9. The Enigmatic Ioannes Manlius -- 9.1 Rumor of a Luther Codex 167 -- 9.1.1 Source of the Rumor 169 -- 9.2 Identifying Ioannes Manlius 169.

9.2.1 Similar Names in Biographical Resources 170 -- 9.2.1.1 Hans Mandl 170 -- 9.2.1.2 Jakob Mennel 171 -- 9.2.1.3 Johannes Jacobus Manlius de Bosco 171 -- 9.2.1.4 Einer aus Ansbach, einer aus Auerbach 172 -- 9.2.2 Establishing working dates 173 -- 9.2.2.1 Wittenberg Matriculation 174 -- 9.2.2.2 Basel Matriculation 177 -- 9.2.2.3 Return to Mittelfranken 178 -- 9.2.2.4 A New Life in Slovenia 180 -- 9.2.2.5 Banishment from Hapsburg Lands 183 -- 9.3 Implications of Manlius-Menlin-Mandl 184 -- Part IV: Dating and Verifying the Rumor Reports -- 10. Chemnitz‖ Report Dissected -- 10.1 Significance for Dating the Rumors 189 -- 10.2 Published Report 189 -- 10.2.1 Clusivity: Chemnitz as an ―Eyewitness‖ 190 -- 10.2.2 Finite Equivalents to Latin Infinitives 191 -- 10.2.3 The Extended Modifier 193 -- 10.2.4 Triangulating the monotessaron, Melanchthon, and Leipzig 193 -- 10.3 Conclusions about Chemnitz‖ Report 195 -- 11. Clues from Manlius -- 11.1 Differential between Two Rumor Reports 197 -- 11.1.1 Assertions about Luther 199 -- 11.1.2 Anonymous source(s) 200 -- 11.2 Historical Hints at Manlius‖ Source 203 -- 11.2.1 Concurrent reigns of an emperor and a king 205 -- 11.2.2 Private information about the Emperor 206 -- 11.2.3 The Emperor‖s counselor Granvelle 209 -- 11.2.4 Manlius‖ link to Camerarius 212 -- 11.3 Conclusions about Manlius‖ report 215 -- Part V: Religious Politics of a Secular Empire -- 12. An ―Ace Up the Sleeve‖ in a Religious War -- 12.1 Imperial Reaction to the Reformation 221 -- 12.2 Threats from Worms 221 -- 12.2.1 Breaking the Revolt of Ghent 224 -- 12.3 Lead-up to the Schmalkaldic War 226 -- 12.3.1 The Division of Leipzig 226 -- 12.3.2 Ernestine Saxony 227 -- 12.3.3 Albertine Saxony 227 -- 12.4 Battle of Mühlberg 228 -- 12.4.1 Power Swap in Wittenberg 229 -- 12.4.2 Continuing Wettin Influence 231 -- 12.5 So-Called ―Peace‖ in Augsburg 232.

12.5.1 Ferdinand I‖s New Approach 233 -- 12.5.2 Revival of Tactics by Philip II of Spain 234 -- 12.6 The Heliand as Response to Anti-Protestant Policies 235 -- 13. The Codex from Naumburg -- 13.1 Hypothesizing *Codex L 237 -- 13.1.1 Links between Leipzig and Naumburg 239 -- 13.1.2 Previous Search for Evidence in Naumburg 241 -- 13.1.3 Alternative Hypothesis 242 -- 13.2 Saxony‖s Fürstenschulen 243 -- 13.2.1 The Library at Pforta 245 -- 13.3 The Cistercians at Pforta 247 -- 13.3.1 Legacy of the Cistercians 248 -- 13.3.2 Instruments of Ostkolonisation 250 -- 13.3.3 Cistercian Proselytism: an Example 252 -- 13.4 Before Pforta 254 -- 13.4.1 Ottonian Homeland 254 -- 13.4.2 Quedlinburg, Gandersheim, Magdeburg 257 -- 13.4.3 Ottonian Links to the Heliand and Old Saxon Genesis 259 -- 14. A More Easterly Provenance? -- 14.1 Great Contribution from a Small Fragment 267 -- 14.2 Luther and the Leipzig Heliand Codex 268 -- 14.3 Ottonian Connection to the Heliand Provenance 269 -- 14.3.1 MS M via Matilda of Ringelheim 270 -- 14.3.2 MS C via Mathilde II of Essen and Matilda of Ringelheim 270 -- 14.3.3 MS C via Mathilde II of Essen and Bernward of Hildesheim 272 -- 14.4 The Heliand‖s Eastern Genesis 273 -- 14.5 Poet‖s Use of Something besides Tatian 273 -- 14.5 Remaining Questions 274 -- Bibliography 277 -- Appendix A -- A.1: Letter to Meurer: 7 January 1545 (17-18) 287 -- A.2: Letter to Meurer: 16 September 1545 (21-22) 288 -- A.3: Letter to Meurer: 24 November 1545 (22-24) 289 -- A.4: Letter to Meurer: 18 December 1545 (23-24) 290 -- A.5: Letter to Andreas Fabricius: 24 March 1561 (16-17) 291 -- A.6: Letter from Christoph von Carlowitz to Georg Fabricius: 19 October 1556 (418) 292 -- Appendix B -- B.1: Extract from Feller‖s Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Paulinae, Dedicatio 295.

B.2: Extract from Feller‖s Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Paulinae, Praefatio 297 -- Appendix C -- C.1: Extract from Chemnitz‖ Harmoniae evangelicae (Part I, Prolegomenon, Caput 2, 4-8) 299 -- Appendix D -- D.1: Deutsches Biographisches Archiv entry for Ioannes Manlius 301 -- D.2: Excerpt from Manlius‖ Locorum communium collectanea (Tomus III, 99- 102) 303 -- D.3: Excerpt from Manlius‖ Locorum communium collectanea (Tomus II, 283-285) 306 -- D.4: Names resembling ―Manlius‖ in Album Academicae Vitebergensis 308 -- D.5: ―Johannes Manlius‖ in Die Matrikel der Universität Basel (II. Bd., pp. 130- 135, 623-625) 312 -- Index 313.