Contents -- Foreword and Acknowledgements ix -- List of Abbreviations xv -- Glossary xvii -- Chapter One A Story of Power Sources and Use -- Introduction: Political Oppression in 1890's Highlands Madagascar 1 -- My Prior Research on the Movement 3 -- Research Method and Limitations for this Project 4 -- Other Published Works on the Movement 6 -- The Toby: Healing Communities of the Fifohazana 7 -- Participants in the Movement: Raiamandreny, Apostoly, Iraka, and Mpiandry 8 -- Traditional Beliefs, Rituals and Healing Strategies in Madagascar 9 -- Women 11 -- Missionary Responses to the Movement 11 -- The Fifohazana Movement and Political History in Madagascar 12 -- Health, Healing, and Health Assets 13 -- Chapter Two The Influence of External Powers: Traditional, Mission/Church, Colonial/Neocolonial -- Introduction 15 -- Traditional Religion, Rituals and Beliefs 15 -- Ancestor Reverence 15 -- The Ancestors and Zanahary 17 -- Spirit Possession and Spirit Mediums 17 -- Women 18 -- Tsiny, Tody, Vintana 20 -- Health, Illness, and Healing 21 -- The Missions and the Churches 22 -- Founding Evangelistic Strategies 22 -- Approach to Women 23 -- Approach to Healing 24 -- Colonial and Neocolonial Forces 25 -- Chapter Three Healing and the Church: Global Approaches to the Presence of Spiritual Power -- Introduction 29 -- Historical Understandings of Healing Ministry in the Church 30 -- The World(s) in which Healing Occurs 33 -- Operative Strategies in Healing Churches and Movements 35 -- The Missionary/African Divide in Understanding 37 -- Understandings of Healing as Ecclesial Practice 39 -- Conclusion 42 -- Chapter Four Power in the Healing Community -- Introduction 43 -- Naming and Translation 43 -- The Choice of the Place: Ambohibao 46 -- The Shepherds 47 -- Discernment of Vocation and Training 49 -- Understanding of Mental Illness 50 -- Healing 54.

Strategies for Healing: Inclusion 55 -- Strategies for Healing: Love 56 -- Strategies for Healing: Asa sy Fampaharezana (Work and Empowerment) 57 -- Dealing with Violence 60 -- Prayer 62 -- Self-care 64 -- Chapter Five Power Use and Abuse: Continuing Issues -- Introduction 67 -- A Narrative Theology and Praxis 67 -- Baptism and Possession 69 -- Healing, Faith and Repentance 71 -- Ecclesiology: Fifohazana, Church 77 -- Relationship to the Churches Nationally and Internationally 78 -- Women and Leadership 82 -- Speech Styles, Missionary and Malagasy 82 -- Women and Public Speech 83 -- Health Care 85 -- Mental Illness and Demon Possession 86 -- Mental Illness, and/or 88 -- Persistent Challenges: Corruption and Future Leadership 89 -- Corruption 90 -- Future of Leadership in the Movement 92 -- Conclusion: Two Guiding Narratives Inform the Future 94 -- Chapter Six Powerlessness and Disempowerment: Challenges Emerging from Research -- Introduction 97 -- Colonialism and Imperialism 98 -- Violence 104 -- Cultural Oppression 108 -- Ancestor Reverence 108 -- Passivity 109 -- Women 111 -- Readings of Culture by External Scholars 117 -- Chapter Seven Powerlessness and Empowerment: Emerging Contextual and Practical Theologies of Healing -- Introduction 121 -- The Shepherds' Praxis 121 -- Healing Theology and Ecclesiology, Contextual and Practical 126 -- The Role of Relationship 126 -- Healing, Health and Illness: Understandings and Ministry Strategies 130 -- Healing as Restoration and Redemption 136 -- Possible Uses of the Model in Place at Toby Ambohibao Elsewhere in the World 138 -- Mental Illness in the US 138 -- Global Models of Faith-based Care in Community 140 -- Geel, Belgium 140 -- Seattle, Washington 142 -- The Call to the Church: Empowerment for the Disempowered 144 -- Appendix: Selections from Research Interviews 153 -- Select Bibliography 173.

Index of Subjects 183 -- Index of Names and Places 187.