Contents -- List of Tables 9 -- List of Figures 11 -- Acknowledgements 13 -- 1. Introduction 15 -- The Argument of This Work 16 -- Is It Valid to Search for a Basic Human Motivation? 20 -- Refining the Agent - Structure Analysis 24 -- The Divisions of Micro, Meso and Macro Levels 29 -- The Basic Questions to a Model of Motivation 32 -- 2. Macro-Level Problems 35 -- The Structure of Society 35 -- The Source of the Structures 37 -- The Problem of Ultimate Primacy 39 -- Social Change on the Macro-Level: Evolution 42 -- Macro-Sociological Measures of Social Change 44 -- Ranking Societies 46 -- The Driving Force 48 -- Macro-Level Theory and Motivation 50 -- 3. Meso-Level Problems 51 -- The Structure of Organisations 51 -- Structure as Formal Structure 52 -- Structure as Informal Structure 53 -- Structure as Motivational Structure 57 -- The Direction and Character of Organisational Change 58 -- A Measure of Change in Organisations 59 -- Ranking Organisations 61 -- Development of Organisations Over Time 62 -- 4. A Model of Motivation: Towards a Better Founding of Macro and Meso Level Theory 65 -- What Are the Dimensions of a Model of Motivation? 65 -- The Basic Motivation of the Psyche: Three Views 67 -- Personality as Biological Heritage 68 -- Personality as Relations 72 -- Personality as Existence 78 -- Are the Three Different Views Compatible? 81 -- The Basic Motivations 93 -- A Structural Model of Personality 94 -- The Structural Model of the Self 95 -- Is It Still Relevant? 96 -- Dynamics: Compromise Formation 99 -- The First Phases: How Does the Psyche Come Into Being? 102 -- The Id 105 -- The Superego 108 -- The Ego 111 -- The Tripartite Model and Motivation 114 -- The Phases of Development of the Self 115 -- Defence: Improving Reconciliation Techniques 120 -- Childhood 122 -- Youth and Adulthood 125 -- Mature Adult 128 -- Personality 131.

A Summation of the Model 134 -- 5. From Micro to Meso and Macro 137 -- Refining the Agent - Structure Analysis 137 -- The Structure of Relationships 138 -- The Ambivalence of Relations 142 -- Social Structures as Psychological Defences 143 -- Strengthening the Concepts of Meso and Macro 147 -- Social Structures as Meso and Macro Level 147 -- What Is the Meso-Level? 150 -- What Is the Macro-Level? 153 -- Individual Motivation and the Agent - Structure Problem 155 -- 6. Patterns on Meso-Level 159 -- The Structure of Groups 159 -- Stability vs. Change: the Economy of the Group 161 -- The Individual vs. the Collective: the Ideology of the Group 161 -- Unity and Coherence: the Politics of the Group 162 -- Organisational and Institutional Development 165 -- Measuring Organisational Change 166 -- Ranking Organisations 168 -- Development of Organisations 174 -- Understanding Groups and Organisations as Collective Psychological Defences 178 -- 7. Patterns on the Macro-Level 181 -- The Structure of Society 181 -- The Source of the Structures 181 -- The Problem of Ultimate Primacy 190 -- Societal Structure as Motivational Structure 191 -- Social Change on the Macro-Level: Evolution 191 -- Macro-Sociological Measures of Social Change 191 -- Ranking Societies 193 -- The Driving Force of Evolution 199 -- 8. Conclusion 205 -- REFERENCES 209 -- INDEX 217 -- BM 1 221 -- BM 2 223.