Cover -- Newton and the Origin of Civilization -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Troubled Senses -- 2 Troubled Numbers -- 3 Erudition and Chronology in Seventeenth-Century England -- 4 Isaac Newton on Prophecies and Idolatry -- 5 Aberrant Numbers: The Propagation of Mankind before and after the Deluge -- 6 Newtonian History -- 7 Text and Testimony -- 8 Interpreting Words -- 9 Publication and Reaction -- 10 The War on Newton in England -- 11 The War on Newton in France -- 12 The Demise of Chronology -- 13 Evidence and History -- Appendix A Signs, Conventions, Dating, and Definitions -- Appendix B Newton's Computational Methods -- Appendix C Commented Extracts from Newton's MS Calculations -- Appendix D Placing Colures on the Original Star Globe -- Appendix E Hesiod, Thales, and Stellar Risings and Settings -- Bibliography -- Index -- TABLES -- Table 2.1. Newton's first table for ring diameters. -- Table 8.1. Newton's colure remarks and the originals in Petavius' Latin translation of Hipparchus' Commentary. -- Table 8.2. Newton's colure stars with their coordinates, magnitudes, and the dates that result from them. See Flamsteed, 17 12. -- Table 8.3. An alternative set of stars. -- Table 8.4. Newton's star choices compared with Flamsteed's and Ptolemy's lists. -- Table 8.5. Newton's locations for the original colures. -- Table 8.6. Dates of the original globe computed from Newton's MS. -- Table 8.7. Results of Newton's MS list for Israel and Judah. -- Table 10.1. Whiston's list of Newton's arguments. -- Table 11.1. Souciet's coordinates in -143 for prima and alpha.

Table C.1. Hevelius' and Flamsteed's coordinates for stars on the colure passing through the "back" of Aries. -- Table C.2. Hevelius', Flamsteed's, and Newton's coordinates for Arcturus. -- Table D.1. Newton's, Horsley's, and accurately computed longitudes f or the ancient equinox. -- Table E.1. Calculation results for Hesiod. -- Table E.2. Apsidal longitudes for Thales. -- Table E.3. Longitudes of Lucida Pleiadum (Alcyone). -- ILLUSTRAIONS -- Figure 1.1. The evening sky over Cambridge at 5:20 PM on Dec. 10(20), 1664. -- Figure 1.2. The comet of 1664/1665 at times of several of Newton's observations (top), and, accompanied by dates of observations, as drawn in by an unknown contemporary hand on a 1603 Bayer. -- Figure 1.3. The cross-staff, as depicted by Gunter. -- Figure 2.1. Hooke's parallactic telescope. From Hooke, 1674b, pp. 1-2. -- Figure 2.2. Hooke's test of visual acuity. -- Figure 2.3. A page from Hevelius' manuscript for the Catalogus Fixarum containing multiple observations for Ursa Major. -- Figure 2.4. Hevelius' rooftop observatory platform. -- Figure 2.5. Hevelius' six-foot sextant (left) -- measuring stellar distances with Elizabeth (center) -- the azimuthal quadrant (right). -- Figure 2.6. (Top) From Hevelius' manuscript showing asterisks next to distances to Regulus for two stars in the constellation Ursa Major located in the zodiacal sign Leo. (Bottom) The same listing, unaltered, in the printed Pars Posterior. -- Figure 2.7. Iceland spar's double refraction. -- Figure 2.8. Newton pressed his eye some time ca. 1666. CUL MS 3975, fol. 123v. -- Figure 2.9. Object, prism, and eye. CUL MS 3996, fol. 122. -- Figure 2.10. Descartes' color-generating prism, exit-aperture, and attached screen.

Figure 2.11. Smith's illustration of Cotes' procedure for replacing a series of immersed weights by their center-of-gravity. -- Figure 2.12. Newton's MS corrections of Hipparchus' equinoctial data. Yahuda MS 24. -- Figure 4.1. Newton's genealogy for Egyptian deities. -- Figure 5.1. Petavius' table for sons born after the Flood. -- Figure 5.2. Petty's doubling table. -- Figure 5.3. King's first correlations. -- Figure 5.4. King's second attempt. -- Figure 5.5. King's lowered rate of doubling. -- Figure 5.6. Cumberland's numbers (left) and Burnet's centuries. -- Figure 5.7. Whiston's first (left) and second series. -- Figure 6.1. Newton's theory for the origin of civilization. -- Figure 7.1. Newton's dog-eared page on Sesostris from Marsham's Canon. -- Figure 8.1. Precession of the summer solstice. -- Figure 8.2. Flamsteed. Thornhill ceiling. -- Figure 8.3. Tycho, Kepler, and Newton. Thornhill ceiling. -- Figure 8.4. The Farnese Globe, from Bianchini, 1752 (top), and Roman mosaic, North Africa, ca. 150-200 CE. Scorpio on left, Libra on right. -- Figure 8.5. Top: Twelfth-century MS with Cancer and Leo to the left, and Libra and Scorpio to the right (Voss. MS Lat. Q92, fol. 101 recto & verso). Center: Ninth-century Aratea with Gemini (Voss. Lat. Q79, fol. 16v). Bottom: Zodiac from the Piazza San Marco, Venice. -- Figure 8.6. Schiller's 1627 depiction of Gemini as Saint James -- Figure 8.7. Bootes. Left: from a 1640 Blaeu globe now at the library of the University of Utrecht (photo by JZB). Center: Bayer atlas. Right: Hevelius atlas. -- Figure 8.8. Bayer's (left) and Flamsteed's (right) Gemini. -- Figure 8.9. Uraniborg 1587 (left) and Uranometria 1603 Cassiopeia. -- Figure 8.10. Bayer's star map and image for Perseus. -- Figure 8.11. Bayer's star map and image for Cetus.

Figure 8.12. Section of Bayer's star map and image for Sagitta. -- Figure 8.13. Bayer's (left) and Hevelius' renditions of Eridanus (Hevelius, 1687(1690)). -- Figure 8.14. The sun (black circle) setting in southern Grecian latitudes on the day of the vernal equinox in 939 BCE, the year when Newton thought Chiron delineated the first celestial sphere. -- Figure 8.15. MS list of regnal lengths for the kings of Judah and Israel. -- Figure 9.1. Genealogy of French kings from Hugh Capet through Louis XV. -- Figure 10.1. The Senex celestial globe. -- Figure 10.2. Newton's equinoctial circle (left) and colure on the Senex globe. -- Figure 10.3. Bayer's figure for Centaurus. -- Figure 10.4. Bayer's figure for Hydra. -- Figure 10.5. The Senex globe with Newton's colures. -- Figure 11.1. Longitudes of prima and alpha at three dates: the circles that represent prima are "east" of the ones that represent alpha: alpha trails prima as time progresses. -- Figure 11.2. Souciet's illustration (left) and a rendition of what he had in mind, showing that, though prima is always east of alpha in longitude, in -143 it was west of it in right ascension. -- Figure 11.3. Souciet's equinoctial colure (heavy black line) added to Bayer's (left)and Hevelius' maps for Aries. -- Figure 11.4. Fréret's configuration for Chiron ca -1470 (top), with no star in Aries either on the colure or at zero longitude, and (bottom) the configuration at the time of Hipparchus, with prima Arietis on the equinoctial colure. -- Figure 11.5. From Flamsteed's 1729 atlas, showing the head of Cetus near the center of Aries. -- Figure 13.1. Newton's tomb at Westminster inscribed with his colure.

Figure B.1. Locus of an unknown object (C) given two known ones (S1,S2) and their distances to the unknown. -- Figure B.2. To find the midpoint M between stars S1 and S2. -- Figure C.1. Newton's MS star locations and coordinates for the colure through the "back" of Aries. -- Figure C.2. Newton MS calculation for Hesiod, post-1709. -- Figure C.3. Newton MS calculation for Hesiod, 1726. -- Figure D.1. Solstitial colures. -- Figure D.2. Equinoctial colures. -- Figure D.3. An MS colure computation. -- Figure E.1. Solar motion through the zodiac. -- Figure E.2. Winter solstice ca. 1700 (AL . !7°44'33.). -- Figure E.3. 60 days past winter solstice ca. 1700. -- Figure E.4. Illustration of the configuration (top). Riccioli's diagram (bottom left), and Newton's method. -- Figure E.5. The effect of refraction on Arcturus. -- Figure E.6. The effect of refraction on the sun. -- Figure E.7. Top: schematic for the morning setting of the Lucida Pleiadum. Bottom: star chart of the Pleiades setting at sunrise on October25, -616. -- Figure E.8. Armillary sphere, Flemish ca. 1550.