Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Introduction to the Wiley Series on Protein and Peptide Science -- Preface -- 1: Oxidative Stress and Protein Oxidation -- 1.1 The Large Variety of Protein Oxidation Products -- 1.1.1 Primary Protein Oxidation Products -- 1.1.2 Reactive Compounds Mediating in Protein Oxidation -- 1.1.3 Enzymatic Systems Playing a Role in Protein Oxidation -- 1.1.4 Protein Oxidation in Cells and Cellular Structures -- 1.2 Reversible Oxidative Modifications -- 1.2.1 Methionine Sulfoxides and Methionine Modifications -- 1.2.2 Cysteine Modifications and Disulfide Bond Formation -- 1.2.3 Surface Hydrophobicity Modifications -- 1.3 Irreversible Oxidation Products -- 1.3.1 Protein Oxidation and Enzymatic Posttranslational Modifications -- 1.3.2 Deamidation and Transamination -- 1.3.3 Protein Glycation and AGEs -- 1.3.4 Racemization -- 1.3.5 Nitrosylation -- 1.3.6 Tyrosyl Radicals and Nitrotyrosines -- 1.3.7 Protein Carbonyls -- 1.3.8 Aldehyde-Protein Reactions -- 1.3.9 Cross-Linking of Proteins -- 1.4 The Oxidation of Extracellular Matrix, Membrane and Cytoskeletal Proteins -- 1.4.1 Collagen -- 1.4.2 Elastin -- 1.4.3 The Oxidation of Membrane Proteins -- 1.4.4 Band 3 -- 1.4.5 Actin -- 1.5 Mechanism and Factors Influencing the Formation of Protein Oxidation Products -- 1.5.1 Redox Status -- 1.5.2 Protein Turnover -- 1.5.3 Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation (MCO) -- 1.5.4 Heat Shock Proteins -- 1.6 Protein Aggregates: Formation and Specific Metabolic Effects -- 1.6.1 Accumulation of Oxidized Proteins -- 1.6.2 Lipofuscin and Ceroid -- 1.7 Methods to Measure Protein Oxidation Products in Research Laboratories -- 1.7.1 Determination of Methionine Sulfoxide Reduction and Methionine Oxidation -- 1.7.2 Determination of Protein Glycation and Adducts -- 1.7.3 Analysis of Isoaspartate Formation -- 1.7.4 Measurement of Fragmentation.

1.7.5 Measurement of Tyrosine Oxidation -- 1.7.6 Protein Carbonyl Measurement -- 1.7.7 Radioactive Labeling Protocols for Proteolysis and Aggregation Measurements -- 1.7.8 Standard Chromatographic Methods for the Measurement of Protein Modifications -- 1.7.9 Liquid Chromatography Techniques Supported by Mass Spectrometry -- 1.7.10 GC/MS -- 1.7.11 Analysis of Protein-Bound 3-Nitrotyrosine by a Competitive ELISA Method -- 1.7.12 Protein Oxidation Products as Biomarkers in Clinical Science -- References -- 2: Removal of Oxidized Proteins -- 2.1 The Limited Repair of Some Oxidized Proteins -- 2.1.1 Thiol Repair -- 2.1.2 Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases -- 2.2 Proteolysis -- 2.2.1 The Proteasomal System and Its Role in the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins -- 2.3 The Role of Other Proteases in the Fate of Oxidized Proteins -- 2.3.1 Lysosomal Degradation of Oxidized Proteins and the Role of Autophagy -- 2.3.2 Mitochondrial Degradation of Oxidized Proteins and the Lon Protease -- 2.3.3 The Uptake of Extracellular Oxidized Proteins and the Role of the Proteasome in Their Degradation -- 2.3.4 Calpains and the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins -- 2.4 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Protein Degradation -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Protein Oxidation and Aging: Different Model Systems and Affecting Factors -- 3.1 Protein Oxidation during Aging: Lower Organisms and Cellular Model Systems -- 3.1.1 Yeast -- 3.1.2 Podospora anserina -- 3.1.3 Bacteria -- 3.1.4 Cell Cultures -- 3.2 Nonmammalian Model Systems and the Accumulation of Oxidized Proteins during Aging -- 3.2.1 Caenorhabditis elegans -- 3.2.2 Drosophila melanogaster -- 3.2.3 Aquatic Systems -- 3.2.4 Plants -- 3.2.5 Amphibians -- 3.3 Age-Related Protein Oxidation in Humans and Mammals -- 3.3.1 Humans -- 3.3.2 Animals -- 3.4 Inherited Factors Influencing Protein Oxidation during Aging.

3.4.1 Genetic Instability, Mutations, and Polymorphism -- 3.4.2 Gender -- 3.4.3 Vitagenes -- 3.4.4 Signal Transduction and Transcription Factors -- 3.4.5 Ion Channels -- 3.5 Age-Related Protein Aggregate Formation in Model Systems -- 3.6 Environmental Factors Affecting Healthy Aging -- 3.6.1 UV-Induced Skin Photoaging and Skin Aging -- 3.6.2 Pesticides -- 3.6.3 Exercise -- 3.6.4 Dietary Factors and Prevention Strategies -- 3.6.5 Pharmacological Response and Biotransformation in Aging -- 3.6.6 Caloric Restriction -- 3.7 Repair and Degradation of Oxidized Proteins during Aging -- References -- 4: Protein Oxidation in Some Age-Related Diseases -- 4.1 Protein Oxidation during Neurodegeneration and Neurological Diseases -- 4.1.1 Brain Aging -- 4.1.2 Alzheimer's Disease -- 4.1.3 Parkinson's Disease -- 4.1.4 Huntington's Disease -- 4.1.5 Stroke -- 4.1.6 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- 4.2 Protein Oxidation in Cardiac Diseases -- 4.2.1 Ischemia-Reperfusion -- 4.2.2 Atherosclerosis -- 4.3 Protein Oxidation in Diabetes -- 4.4 Protein Oxidation in Degenerative Arthritis -- 4.5 Protein Oxidation in Muscle Wasting and Sarcopenia -- 4.6 Protein Oxidation in Destructive Eye Diseases -- 4.6.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration -- 4.6.2 Cataract -- 4.7 Protein Oxidation in Osteoporosis -- 4.8 Protein Oxidation in Cancer -- 4.8.1 Proteasome Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy -- 4.9 Other Diseases -- 4.9.1 Premature Aging Diseases Progeria and Werner's Syndrome -- 4.9.2 Renal Failure and Hemodialysis in Elderly People -- 4.9.3 Obesity -- 4.9.4 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis -- 4.9.5 Presbycusis (Age-Related Hear Loss) -- References -- Abbreviations -- Index.