Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- 1 -- Introduction -- 2 -- Science and the international politics of global warming -- 3 -- Frameworks of analysis: the institutional approach and the issue-based approach -- 4 -- Making global warming policy -- 5 -- Policy developments in Japan on global warming: the politics of conflict and the producer-oriented policy response -- 6 -- Co-optation and exclusion: controlled policy integration in Japan -- 7 -- Policy developments in Britain on global warming: in search of political leadership -- 8 -- Competition and pressure: British policy integration -- 9 -- Interests, institutions and global warming -- 10 -- Epilogue: after the Kyoto conference -- References -- Figure 2.1 The mechanism of the greenhouse effect. Source: Houghton et al. (1992: 7). -- Figure 2.2 Contribution of global greenhouse gases to the enhanced greenhouse effect. PFCs = CF4 and C2F6. HFCs = HFC-23, HFC-134a, HFC-152a. Source: IPCC (2001a: 356-8). -- Figure 2.3 Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the industrial era (global atmospheric concentrations of three well mixed greenhouse gases). Note that the ice core and fern data for several sites in Antarctica and Greenland (shown by -- Figure 2.4 Combined air and sea surface temperature anomalies (°C), 1861-2000, relative to 1961-90. Note that the bars on the annual number represent two standard errors. Source: IPCC (2001a: 26). -- Figure 2.5 Temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations over the last 160,000 years (from ice cores). Source: Houghton (2002). -- Figure 2.6 The world's largest contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in 2000 (total 6.4 billion tonnes of carbon). Source: The Energy Conser­vation Centre (2003).

Figure 2.7 Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in selected countries and regions (2000). Note that the figures for Russia are those for 1995 and 2000. Source: Energy Conservation Centre (2003). -- Figure 3.1 The relationship between type of cabinet and interest group pluralism, 1945-96. The percentage of one-party cabinets is the proportion over the period of cabinets in which there was a one-party majority. Interest group pluralism is a rating deri -- Figure 3.2 The relationship between the effective number of parlia­mentary parties and interest group pluralism, 1945-96. Source: Lijphart (1999: 183). -- Figure 4.1 Economic structures (value added) in Japan and the UK in 1990 and 2000. Source: OECD (2001). -- Figure 4.2 Employment structures in Japan and the UK in 1990 and 2000. Source: OECD (2001). -- Figure 4.3 Energy consumption in industry in Japan. Source: IEA (1993, 2002). -- Figure 4.4 Energy consumption in industry in Britain. Source: IEA (1993, 2002). -- Figure 5.2 Long-term energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in Japan. Source: Energy Conservation Centre (2003). -- Figure 5.4 Japan's total and per capita carbon dioxide emissions, 1990-2003. Source: Ministry of the Environment (2004a). -- Figure 5.5 Voluntary purchase of surplus electricity generated from new energy. Source: Federation of Electric Power Industry, www.fepc.or.jp/thumbnail/new-energy/surplus.html (last accessed 16 July 2005). -- Figure 6.1 Energy, electricity, electricity prices and GDP, 1970-2000 (1973=100). Source: Energy Conservation Centre (2003). -- Figure 6.2 Primary energy sources for electricity generation. Source: ANRE (2003). -- Figure 6.3 Breakdown of carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector (2001). Source: Road Bureau, Ministry of Construction (2003).

Figure 6.4 Rates of introduction of LEVs in Japan. Source: EA, www.env.go.jp/doc/toukei/ (last accessed 16 July 2005). -- Figure 6.5 Projected effects of new policies for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide in the transport sector (millions of tonnes of carbon). Source: Adapted from Kanemoto et al. (2003: 8). -- Figure 6.6 Earmarked road expenditure (1973 = 100) and total length of roads, 1963-2001. Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (various years). -- Figure 6.7 Trends in passenger transport volume (million passenger km), by type of transport, 1965-2001. Source: Energy Conservation Centre (2003). -- Figure 6.8 Trends in freight transport volume (million tonne km), by type of transport, 1965-2001. Source: Energy Conservation Centre (2003). -- Figure 7.1 Long-term carbon dioxide emissions by source. Source: DEFRA (2004a). -- Figure 7.2 Carbon dioxide emissions by end users, 1990-2002. Source: DEFRA (2004a). -- Figure 7.3 The long-term trend of energy supply by fuel types. Source: DTI (2004). -- Figure 8.1 The long-term trends in passenger transport by mode. 'Other' includes motor cycles and pedal cycles. Source: DOT (2004). -- Figure 8.2 Long-term trends in freight transport by mode. Source: DOT (2004). -- Figure 8.3 Carbon dioxide emissions from the transport sector, 1992 and 2002. Source: DOT (2004). -- Figure 10.1 Energy intensity in industry (energy consumption per unit output calculated on the basis of indices of industrial production, which give a measure weighted for value added). Source: Ayukawa and WWF (2001). -- Table 1.1 Japan and Britain compared and contrasted (select features) -- Table 2.1 Summary of key anthropogenic greenhouse gases (except for those under the Montreal Protocol and its amendmentsa) -- Table 2.2 The major international conferences in the year following the Toronto conference.

Table 2.3 The history of the Conference of Parties -- Table 2.4 Carbon dioxide emissions in 1990 among developed countries -- Table 3.1 Four possible situations involving concentrated or diffuse costs and benefits of a policy issue -- Table 3.2 Comparison of Lowi's and Wilson's policy typologies -- Table 4.1 Ministerial responsibilities for the environment in Japan, before 2001 -- Table 4.2 Ministerial responsibilities for the environment in Britain, before 1997 -- Table 4.3 Output of energy-intensive industries as a percentage of total manufacturing output -- Table 4.4 Employment within energy-intensive industries as a percentage of total manufacturing employment -- Table 5.1 The main targets for new energy in the Basic Guidelines for New Energy Introduction -- Table 6.1 Differences in 1990 between the EA and MITI in the projected contribution (in millions of kW) of nuclear energy -- Table 6.2 Energy taxation and expenditure, fiscal year 2004 -- Table 6.3 Growth in major budgets for energy efficiency and new energy in the Energy Special Accounts (billion yen) -- Table 6.4 Targets for the introduction of LEVs and actual usage -- Table 6.5 Motoring-related taxes -- Table 7.2 Projections of carbon dioxide emissions 1989 and 1992 (millions of tonnes of carbon) -- Table 7.3 The carbon dioxide saving plan set out in the 1994 UK Programme -- Table 8.1 Forecasts of British carbon dioxide emissions (millions of tonnes of carbon) -- Table 9.1 Development of national targets -- Table 9.2 Main characteristics of policy contents and instruments in Japan and Britain -- Table 9.3 Policy integration in Japan and Britain: driving forces and constraints -- Table 10.1 Japan's subsidiary targets in the 2002 Climate Policy Programme for measures to prevent global warming -- Box 2.1 Main points of the Kyoto Protocol.

Box 5.1 A six-point policy statement from the Ministerial Council on Global Environmental Protection, defining Japan's role vis-à-vis the global environment -- Box 5.2 Policies and measures to limit carbon dioxide emissions under the Action Programme -- Box 5.3 The Keidanren Appeal -- Box 10.1 Key feature of the climate change levy package -- Box 10.2 The 2000 pre-budget statement: main points on green taxation for transport -- 1 -- Introduction -- 2 -- Science and the international politics of global warming -- 3 -- Frameworks of analysis: the institutional approach and the issue-based approach -- 4 -- Making global warming policy -- 5 -- Policy developments in Japan on global warming: the politics of conflict and the producer-oriented policy response -- 6 -- Co-optation and exclusion: controlled policy integration in Japan -- 7 -- Policy developments in Britain on global warming: in search of political leadership -- 8 -- Competition and pressure: British policy integration -- 9 -- Interests, institutions and global warming -- 10 -- Epilogue: after the Kyoto conference -- References -- Index -- Figure 2.1 The mechanism of the greenhouse effect. -- Figure 2.2 Contribution of global greenhouse gases to the enhanced greenhouse effect. PFCs = CF4 and C2F6. HFCs = HFC-23, HFC-134a, HFC-152a. -- Figure 2.3 Indicators of the human influence on the atmosphere during the industrial era (global atmospheric concentrations of three well mixed greenhouse gases). Note that the ice core and fern data for several sites in Antarctica and Greenland (shown by -- Figure 2.4 Combined air and sea surface temperature anomalies (°C), 1861-2000, relative to 1961-90. Note that the bars on the annual number represent two standard errors. -- Figure 2.5 Temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations over the last 160,000 years (from ice cores).

Figure 2.6 The world's largest contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in 2000 (total 6.4 billion tonnes of carbon).