Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Human Context -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Peoples Native to the Arctic -- 1.3 Explorers -- 1.4 Developers -- 1.5 Outsiders -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. The Physical and Biological Environment -- 2.1 Climate -- 2.2 Permafrost and Land Ice -- 2.3 Sea Ice -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Oceanographic Context -- 2.3.3 The Structure of Ice -- 2.3.4 Ice Formation -- 2.4 Gathering Data about Sea Ice -- 2.4.1 Identifying Needs -- 2.4.2 Planning -- 2.4.3 Methods for Ice Thickness -- 2.4.4 Ice Movement -- 2.4.5 Ice Strength and Related Parameters -- 2.5 Biology -- References -- 3. Ice Mechanics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Creep -- 3.3 Fracture -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics -- 3.3.3 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics -- 3.4 Elasticity -- 3.5 Plasticity -- 3.6 Broken Ice -- 3.7 In-situ Rubble Tests -- 3.7.1 Overview -- 3.7.2 The Direct Shear Test -- 3.7.3 The Punch Shear Test -- 3.7.4 The Pull Up Test -- 3.7.5 Summary of Results of in-situ Tests -- Pull up strengths -- Punch and direct shear strengths -- 3.7.6 Translation of Rubble Shear Strength into a Bearing Pressure (or pseudo crushing strength) -- 3.7.7 Confined Compression Test (indentation test) on Ice Rubble -- 3.8 Model Ice -- References -- 4. Ice Forces on Structures in the Sea -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alternative Design Concepts -- 4.3 Ice Forces -- 4.4 Ice Forces on Vertical-sided Structures -- 4.4.1 Alternative Modes -- 4.4.2 Creep -- 4.4.3 Buckling -- 4.4.4 Crushing: A Simple but Incorrect Approach -- 4.4.5 Crushing: Evidence from Measurements -- 4.4.6 Crushing: Empirical Representations of the Data -- 4.4.7 Crushing: Theory -- 4.5 Sloping-sided Structures -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Mechanics of Ice Interaction with Sloping-sided Structures -- 4.5.3 Adfreeze Effects -- 4.5.4 Experimental and Full Scale Data.

4.5.5 Modifications for very Thick Ice -- 4.5.6 Velocity Effects -- 4.6 Local Ice Pressures -- 4.7 Ice Encroachment -- 4.8 Model Tests -- 4.9 Ice-induced Vibrations -- 4.10 Ice Load Measurements on Platforms -- Instrumenting the surrounding ice -- Measuring ice deceleration -- Foundation response -- Structure response using strain gauges -- Structure response using extensometers -- Structure response using accelerometers -- Structure/foundation response using tiltmeters -- Ice load cells and panels at the interface between ice and structure -- References -- 5. Broken Ice, Pressure Ridges and Ice Rubble -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Formation of Ridges -- Case 1: Ice fails and ramps downward -- Case 2: Ice fails and rides upwards -- Case 3: Ice rubble failure -- 5.3 Limit- Force Calculations -- 5.4 Multi-Year Ridges -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Ridge Breaking Analysis -- 5.5 Loads due to First-year Ridges -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Ridge Interaction with Vertical Structures -- 5.5.3 First-year Ridge Interaction on Upward Sloping Structures -- 5.5.4 First Year Ridge Interaction on Downward Sloping Structures -- 5.6 Structures in Shallow Water -- 5.6.1 Effects of Ice Rubble on Ice Loads -- 5.6.2 First-year Ridge Loads in Shallow Water -- 5.7 Multi-leg and Multi-hulled Platforms -- 5.7.1 Multi-leg (with Vertical Legs) -- 5.7.2 Multi-leg Structure with Conical Collars on the Legs -- 5.7.3 Multi-caisson Systems and Ice Barriers -- 5.8 Limit momentum (limit energy) Ice Loads -- 5.8.1 Principles and Application to a Vertical Structure -- 5.8.2 Sloping Structures -- 5.8.3 Iceberg Impact Loads -- References -- 6. Ice Forces on Floating Platforms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background to Use of Floaters in Sea Ice -- 6.3 Loads on Floaters in Unmanaged Ice -- 6.4 Loads on Floaters in Managed Ice -- 6.5 Calibration against the Kulluk Data.

6.6 Influencing Parameters -- Concentration -- Ice strength and thickness -- Pressured ice -- Effect of floe size -- 6.7 Typical Managed Ice Loads -- References -- 7. Arctic Marine Pipelines and Export Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Seabed Ice Gouging -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Ice Gouging: The First Model -- 7.2.3 Ice Gouging: Gouge Infill by Seabed Sediment Transport -- 7.2.4 Ice Gouging: Subgouge Deformation -- 7.2.5 Ice Gouging: Alternative Routes to a Choice of Safe Gouge Depth -- 7.2.6 Methods for Minimising Required Trench Depth -- 7.3 Strudel Scour -- 7.4 Construction -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Panarctic Drake F-76 Pipeline -- 7.4.3 Northstar Pipeline -- 7.4.4 Oooguruk Pipeline -- 7.4.5 Nikaitchuq Pipeline -- 7.5 Transportation by Tanker -- References -- 8. Environmental Impact -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Oil in the Sea -- 8.2.1 Outside the Arctic -- 8.2.2 In the Arctic -- 8.3 Gas in the sea -- 8.4 Response and Oil cleanup -- 8.5 Effects of Structures on the Ice -- 8.6 Decommissioning -- References -- 9. Human Factors and Safety -- 9.1 Context -- 9.2 Psychological Factors -- 9.3 Physical Factors -- 9.4 Platform Safety and Evacuation -- 9.5 Safety during On-Ice Activities -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 Safe Loads on an Ice Sheet -- 9.6 Platform Reliability and Safety Factors -- References -- Index of Geographical locations -- Index.