Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1 International measurement system -- 1.1 Principles underlying the international measurement system -- 1.2 Classification of key comparisons of national measurement standards -- 1.3 Basic approaches to evaluating key comparison data -- 1.4 Expression of the degree of equivalence of measurement standards on the basis of a mixture of distributions -- 1.5 Evaluation of regional key comparison data -- 1.5.1 Two approaches to interpreting and evaluating data of regional key comparisons -- 1.5.2 Equation of linking RMO and CIPM KC. Optimization of the algorithm of evaluating degrees of equivalence -- 1.5.3 Different principles for transforming the results of regional comparisons -- 1.6 Bayesian approach to the evaluation of systematic biases of measurement results in laboratories -- 1.7 Evaluation of measurement results in calibrating material measures and measuring instruments -- 1.7.1 Formulating a measurement model -- 1.7.2 Evaluation of measurement uncertainty -- 1.7.3 Calculation of measurement uncertainty associated with a value of a material measure using Bayesian analysis -- 1.7.4 Determination of the linear calibration functions of measuring instruments -- 1.8 Summary -- 2 Systems of reproducing physical quantities units and transferring their sizes -- 2.1 Classification of reproducing physical quantities units and systems for transferring their sizes (RUTS) -- 2.1.1 General ideas -- 2.1.2 Analysis of the RUTS systems -- 2.1.3 Varieties of the elements of a particular RUTS system -- 2.1.4 Interspecific classification of particular RUTS systems -- 2.1.5 Some problems of the specific classification of particular RUTS systems -- 2.1.6 The technical-economic efficiency of various RUTS systems.

2.2 Physical-metrological fundamentals of constructing the RUTS systems -- 2.2.1 General ideas -- 2.2.2 Analysis of the state of the issue and the choice of the direction for basic research -- 2.2.3 Foundations of the description of RUTS systems -- 2.2.4 Fundamentals of constructing a RUTS system -- 2.2.5 System of reproduction of physical quantity units -- 2.3 Summary -- 3 Potential measurement accuracy -- 3.1 System approach to describing a measurement -- 3.1.1 Concept of a system approach to the formalized description of a measurement task -- 3.1.2 Formalized description of a measurement task -- 3.1.3 Measurement as a process of solving a measurement task -- 3.1.4 Formalization of a measurement as a system -- 3.1.5 Target function of a system -- 3.2 Potential and limit accuracies of measurements -- 3.3 Accuracy limitations due to the components of a measurement task -- 3.3.1 Measurand and object models -- 3.3.2 Physical limitations due to the discontinuity of a substance structure -- 3.3.3 Quantum-mechanical limitations -- 3.4 Influence of external measurement conditions -- 3.5 Space-time limitations -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Algorithms for evaluating the result of two or three measurements -- 4.1 General ideas -- 4.2 Evaluation problem and classical means -- 4.2.1 Classification of measurement errors -- 4.2.2 Problem definition and classification of evaluation methods -- 4.2.3 Classical means and their properties -- 4.2.4 Geometrical interpretation of the means -- 4.2.5 Relations of the means -- 4.2.6 Inverse problems in the theory of means -- 4.2.7 Weighted means -- 4.3 Algorithms of optimal evaluation -- 4.3.1 Probability approach -- 4.3.2 Deterministic approach -- 4.4 Heuristic methods for obtaining estimates -- 4.4.1 Principles of heuristic evaluation -- 4.4.2 Linear and quasi-linear estimates.

4.4.3 Difference quasi-linear estimates -- 4.4.4 Heuristic means for n = 2 -- 4.5 Structural and diagnostic methods for obtaining estimates -- 4.5.1 Structural means -- 4.5.2 Use of redundant variables to increase evaluation accuracy -- 4.5.3 Application of diagnostic algorithms for screening a part of measurements -- 4.5.4 Systematization and analysis of evaluation algorithms -- 4.6 Application of means for filtering problems -- 4.6.1 Digital filters with finite memory -- 4.6.2 Median filters -- 4.6.3 Diagnostic filters -- 4.6.4 Example of filtering navigational information -- 4.7 Summary -- 5 Metrological traceability of measurement results (illustrated by an example of magnetic recording instruments) -- 5.1 General ideas -- 5.2 Precise magnetic recording instruments (MRI) of analog electrical signals as a part of measuring systems -- MRI metrological traceability -- 5.2.1 Application of recording/reproducing electrical signals on magnetic carriers in measurement technique and specific features of MRI as an object of metrological investigations -- 5.2.2 Main sources of distortions of measurement information signals in magnetic channels, and methods of their measurements -- 5.2.3 Problems of the metrological traceability of MRI -- 5.3 Methods of determining MRI metrological characteristics -- 5.3.1 Problems in developing metrological traceability systems -- 5.3.2 Metrological characteristics of MRI and their normalization -- 5.3.3 Methods for experimental evaluation of the basic error of measurement information signals registration in MRI channels -- 5.3.4 Methods for determining the dynamic characteristics of MRI channels.

5.3.5 Methods for determining the nonlinear distortions and oscillations of a signal time delay in MRI channels -- 5.4 Hardware implementation of the methods for determining MRI metrological characteristics -- 5.4.1 Measuring instruments for experimentally determining MRI metrological characteristics -- 5.5 Summary -- 6 Validation of software used in metrology -- 6.1 General ideas -- 6.2 Tasks of the metrological validation of software (MVS) used in metrology -- 6.2.1 Classification of tasks for MVS used in metrology -- 6.2.2 State of affairs in this field in leading countries of the world, immediate tasks and ways for their solution -- 6.3 Approaches to evaluating precision parameters of software used in metrology -- 6.3.1 Sources of uncertainty and methods of their evaluation when applying data processing software for obtaining a measurement result -- 6.3.2 Methodology of algorithm validation for measurement data processing and its practical implementation -- 6.4 Requirements for software and methods for its validation -- 6.4.1 General requirements for measuring instruments with regard to the application of software -- 6.4.2 Requirements specific for configurations -- 6.4.3 Software validation methods -- 6.5 Type approval -- 6.5.1 Documentation for type approval -- 6.5.2 Requirements for the approval procedure -- 6.5.3 Verification -- 6.6 Assessment of severity (risk) levels -- 6.6.1 Brief review -- 6.6.2 Assessment of severity (risk) levels according to OIML Document D 31 -- 6.6.3 Definition of risk classes according to the WELMEC Guide 7.2 -- 6.6.4 Determination of severity degrees of software tests in Russia -- 6.7 Summary -- Bibliography -- Index.