Copyright -- HAGUE ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW -- Lis Pendens in International Litigation -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- CHAPTER I* INTRODUCTION -- A. Of the Conflict of Litigation -- B. The litispendence phenomenon -- 1. Forum shopping in parallel litigation -- 2. Horizontality -- 3. Overlapping jurisdiction-conferring rules -- 4. Kompetenz-Kompetenz : who determines jurisdiction ? -- C. Intellectual origins of the idea of lis pendens -- 1. Civil Law: in the image of Roman Law? -- 2. Common Law: the legacy of Equity's struggle for supremacy in England -- D. Legal techniques for the control of competingjurisdictions -- 1. Tolerance of parallel proceedings and res judicata -- 2. Rules of priority -- 3. Consolidation of related proceedings -- 4. Party autonomy, election and waiver -- 5. Discretions to decline jurisdiction or control parallel litigation -- E. The Rule of Law and the Function of Adjudication in International Cases -- Chapter II. Private international litigation -- A. Deference, indifference or control ? -- 1. A world of two hemispheres ? -- 2. Two contrasting approaches in Civil Law systems -- 3. Two contrasting approaches in a Common Law system -- B. Strict lis pendens : pursuing the res judicataparallel -- 1. Translation of an internal into an international rule -- 2. The search for identity of action -- (a) Same parties -- (b) Same subject-matter and same cause -- 3. Assessment of effects -- (a) The negative declaration -- (b) The reflexive effect of a convention -- C. Jurisdiction-declining discretions -- 1. Litispendence within the forum non conveniens enquiry -- (a) Double litigation by the same plaintiff -- (b) A forum contest between plaintiff and defendant -- 2. Declining jurisdiction in favour of related proceedings -- D. The rise and fall of the anti-suit injunction.

1. Commonwealth use of anti-suit injunctions to control foreign parallel litigation -- 2. A division of principle in the United States -- 3. Contraction of the anti-suit injunction in the face of comity concerns -- (a) Conflict of laws cedes where no true litispendence -- (b) Requirement of jurisdictional nexus -- (c) European law constraints -- E. Interim conclusions -- Chapter III. International arbitration -- A. The place of parallel proceedings in international arbitration -- 1. The use of party autonomy as an escape from multiple fora -- 2. Instances of overlapping jurisdiction. -- B. International commercial arbitration -- 1. Kompetenz-Kompetenz or who decides on arbitral jurisdiction -- (a) The arbitral tribunal or the courts -- (b) The courts of the seat and other courts -- 2. Parallel and related arbitral proceedings -- 3. The anti-suit injunction in arbitration -- (a) Issue of anti-suit injunctions by arbitrators -- (b) The Front Comor and anti-suit injunctions in aid of arbitration -- (c) Anti-arbitration injunctions -- C. Investment treaty arbitration -- 1. The particular potential for conflicts of jurisdictionin investment treaty arbitration -- 2. The distinction between breach of contract and breach of treaty -- (a) National law and international lawremedies distinguished -- (b) Effect of contractual jurisdiction clause -- 3. Election and waiver -- (a) The fork in the road -- (b) Waiver -- 4. The impact of an umbrella clause -- 5. Parallel treaty arbitration -- D. Interim conclusions -- Chapter IV. Public international litigation -- A. The judicialization of Public International Law. -- 1. The rise of public international adjudication -- 2. Rationales for the proliferation of internationaltribunals -- 3. Polycentric nature of modern disputes -- (a) Concurrent individual and State respon sibilityfor international crimes.

(b) Concurrent regional and international trade law proceedings -- B. Relationships between international tribunals -- 1. Express provision -- (a) Human rights -- (b) The Law of the Sea -- 2. Is lis pendens a general principle of law appli cable to international tribunals ? -- C. Relationship between national and international litigation -- 1. Rules of separation of international from national proceedings -- 2. Effect of pending international proceedings before national courts -- (a) The Consular Convention cases - ICJ and US Supreme Court -- (b) The Caribbean cases : the Privy Council and the Inter-American Human Rights system -- D. Interim conclusions -- Chapter V. Conclusion -- A. The exercise of adjudicatory authority in a plural world -- 1. The fact of decisional fragmentation -- 2. A constitutional or administrative law model? -- 3. General principles in the resolution of the conflict of litigation -- B. The search for new solutions -- 1. From a Westphalian to a cosmopolitan paradigm -- 2. Declining and referring jurisdiction - newmodel lis pendens -- 3. Judicial co-operation and communication -- C. Final conclusions -- Select Bibliography -- About the author -- Biographical note -- Principal publications.