COPYRIGHT -- Hague aCademy of InternatIonaL Law -- International humanitarian law:theory, practice, context -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER I INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW :A UNIQUE REGIME -- I. Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello -- II. Origins and Development -- A. Formative ideas -- B. The Law of Geneva and the Law of The Hague -- III. Specific Aspects -- IV. Three Fundamental Dichotomies -- A. "International" and "non-international" armed conflicts -- B. Combatants and non-combatants 49 -- C. Actors and modes of implementation -- CHAPTER II CONSTRAINTS OF WAR -HOLDING THE CENTRE 57 -- I. General Remarks and Cardinal Principles -- A. General remarks -- B. Cardinal principles : the shift from a "horizontal"to a "vertical", or "quasi-constitutional", order -- C. Humanity -- D. Military necessity -- E. Proportionality -- (a) General considerations -- (b) Environmental protection as a case in point -- F. Distinction -- (a) General remarks -- (b) Direct participation of civilians in hostilities -- (c) Summing up and some examples -- II. Constraints in the Use of and Ban on Weapons -- A. General remarks -- B. Banning weapons -- (a) An impressive development -- (b) Most recent example : the ban on cluster bombs -- C. Constraints on the use of arms -- small arms as a case in point -- D. Prohibition of nuclear weapons : relative or absolute ? -- III. Concluding Remarks : Making the Law Effective -- A. New weapons, means and methods of warfare -- B. Citizens taking centre stage -- CHAPTER III HUMAN VALUES AND THEIR POTENTIAL :TWO WORLDS OR ONE ? -- I. From the Genius Loci to the Genius Orbis? -- II. International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law : Structures and Processes -- A. Three theoretical models 176 : predominance of the theory of overlapping circles.

B. The rule of complementarity and the doctrine of lex specialis -- C. Symbiosis in living practice : the doctrine of convergence -- (a) Non-international armed conflicts as a source of growth for international law -- (b) Areas in need of development -- (1) Procedural principles and safeguards for internmentand administrative detention in armedconflicts and other situations of violence199 -- (2) Internally displaced persons -- (3) Missing persons -- (c) Belligerent occupation 208 -- III. Accountability : Procedures and Mechanisms -- A. Human rights mechanisms 222 -- B. Individual criminal responsibility -- (a) Elements of the idea and its first applications -- (b) A new era : the tribunals for Rwanda and theformer Yugoslavia -- (c) The International Criminal Court -- (d) Hybrid tribunals : anchoring criminal justicelocally -- (e) International and internationalized criminaltribunals : an assessment -- C. Truth and reconciliation commissions -- IV. Genius Mundi : Globalization and Law -- CHAPTER IV RELIGION AND INTERNATIONA LHUMANITARIAN LAW:SUPPORT AND TENSION -- I. A Difficult Relationship -- II. World Religions and World Views -- A. Confucianism -- B. Hinduism -- C. Buddhism -- D. Judaism and Christianity -- (a) Judaism -- (b) Christianity -- E. Islam -- III. Concluding Remarks -- CHAPTER V INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN A GLOBAL ERA -- I. The Changing Nature of Warfare -- A. The "new wars" thesis -- B. Implications for international humanitarian law -- II. New Actors -- A. Private military companies and economic interests -- B. Three challenges for international humanitarianlaw -- C. Reminding States of their obligations -- III. War and Natural Resources -- A. The resources curse -- B. Controlling access to international markets : Sierra Leone as a case in point -- IV. The Arms Trade.

A. Dissemination of small arms and the consequences for humanitarian work 460 -- B. Economic and strategic interests -- C. Arms trade treaty -- D. Existing State obligations -- V. Responsibilities under International HumanitarianLaw: A Promising New Approach -- A. Adaptability of international humanitarian law -- B. States' responsibility to ensure respect for international humanitarian law -- C. Corporate responsibility under international law -- D. The international community's "responsibility to protect" -- CHAPTER VI A NETWORK OF HUMANITARIAN ACTORS:PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONALHUMANITARIAN LAW -- I. The International Committee of the Red Cross -- II. The Role of the United Nations -- A. The Security Council -- (a) General remarks -- (b) Peace-keeping operations 541 -- B. The General Assembly -- (a) General remarks -- (b) The Human Rights Council -- C. The Secretary-General -- D. The International Court of Justice -- (a) "Elementary considerations of humanity" :international humanitarian law as customary law -- (b) Jus cogens and erga omnes norms -- (c) Assessment -- III. Regional Organizations Promoting International Humanitarian Law -- A. The European Union -- B. The Council of Europe -- IV. The Role of Non-Governmental Organizationsin International Humanitarian Law -- A. Banning anti-personnel mines 652 -- B. Banning cluster munitions -- V. The Media's Role in International Humanitarian Law 668 -- A. The media : "public watchdog" and objects ofinstrumentalization -- B. The media's responsibilities -- C. Protection under international law -- (a) A space of liberty -- (b) Special protection for journalists under internationalhumanitarian law -- (c) Attacking media facilities -- VI. Concluding Remarks -- CHAPTER VII A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS -- I. Warfare in the Shadow of the Law.

II. Fundamental Challenges :Assessing the State of International Humanitarian Law -- A. International humanitarian law and the "war on terror" -- B. Are there gaps in the protection afforded by international law ? -- C. Is the treaty law incomplete ? -- D. Weaknesses in implementation -- III. The Walls of the Law -- A. The Martens Clause -- B. General principles of law -- C. Constitutional paradigm ? -- (a) Constitutionalization in international law -- (b) Constitutionalism as a method of construction -- (c) Constitutionalism in humanitarian law -- (d) Relevance of the constitutional paradigm forinternational humanitarian law -- IV. The Destructive Potential of Technology -- OUTLOOK : PRACTICAL MEANSAND LEGAL IDEALS -- I. Implementation -- II. Law as a Myth : Nuclear Weapons -- APPENDIX -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE -- PRINCIPAL PUBLICATIONS.