Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing for Security Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Security Sensing -- 1.1.1 Needs for Remote Security Sensing -- 1.1.2 Advantages of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensors -- 1.2 Overview of Remote Sensing Techniques -- 1.2.1 Radiometry -- 1.2.2 Radar Systems -- 1.2.3 Imaging Systems -- 1.2.4 Interferometric Angular Velocity Measurement -- 1.2.5 Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Remote Sensing in Related Fields -- 1.3 The Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Spectrum -- 1.3.1 Frequency Designations -- 1.3.2 Propagation of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radiation -- 1.4 Examples of Remote Security Sensors -- 1.4.1 Active Imaging for Contraband Detection -- 1.4.2 Passive Imaging for Contraband Detection -- 1.4.3 Detection of Human Presence -- 1.4.4 Discrimination of Humans and Classification of Human Activity -- 1.4.5 Through-Wall Detection -- 1.4.6 Biological Signature Detection -- References -- Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Plane Wave Fundamentals -- 2.1 Maxwell's Equations -- 2.1.1 The Constitutive Parameters -- 2.2 Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields -- 2.2.1 The Wave Equation -- 2.2.2 Plane Waves -- 2.2.3 Energy and Power -- 2.3 Wave Polarization -- 2.3.1 Linear Polarization -- 2.3.2. Elliptical Polarization -- References -- Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Waves in Media -- 3.1 Plane Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media -- 3.1.1 Good Conducting Media -- 3.1.2 Good Dielectric Media -- 3.1.3 Wave Impedance in Media -- 3.2 Plane Wave Propagation in Bounded Media -- 3.2.1 Reflection and Transmission of Normally Incident Waves -- 3.2.2 Reflection and Transmission of Arbitrarily Incident Waves -- 3.2.3 Power Reflection and Transmission -- 3.2.4 Total Transmission and Total Reflection -- 3.2.5 Layered Media -- 3.3 Electromagnetic Propagation in Specific Media.

3.3.1 Atmospheric Propagation Effects -- 3.3.2. Propagation Through Building Materials -- 3.3.3 Propagation Through Clothing and Garment Materials -- 3.3.4 Dielectric Properties of Explosives, Plastics, and Metals -- 3.3.5 Dielectric Properties of Human Tissue -- References -- Chapter 4 Antennas -- 4.1 Electromagnetic Potentials -- 4.1.1 Electromagnetic Potentials due to Electric Current Density J -- 4.1.2 Electromagnetic Potentials due to Magnetic Current Density Jm -- 4.1.3 Infinitesimal Dipole Radiation -- 4.1.4 Far Field Radiation -- 4.1.5 Infinitesimal Dipole Far Field Radiation -- 4.2 Antenna Parameters -- 4.2.1 Radiated Power Density and Total Radiated Power -- 4.2.2 Antenna Pattern -- 4.2.3 Antenna Pattern Beamwidth -- 4.2.4 Antenna Solid Angles -- 4.2.5 Directivity -- 4.2.6 Gain -- 4.2.7 Aperture Area and Pattern Solid Angle -- 4.2.8 Antenna Temperature and Noise Power -- 4.2.9 Polarization -- 4.3 Properties of Wire Antennas -- 4.3.1 Infinitesimal Dipole -- 4.3.2 Long Dipole -- 4.4 Aperture Antennas -- 4.4.1 Image Theory -- 4.4.2 The Equivalence Principle -- 4.4.3 Radiation from a Rectangular Aperture -- 4.4.4 Radiation from a Circular Aperture -- 4.5 Antenna Arrays -- 4.5.1 Linear Array Theory -- 4.5.2 Planar Arrays -- 4.5.3 Array Beamwidth -- 4.5.5 Array Architectures -- 4.6 Common Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Antennas -- 4.6.1 Horn Antennas -- 4.6.2 Slot Antennas -- 4.6.3 Microstrip Antennas -- 4.6.4 Reflector Antenna Systems -- 4.6.5 Lens Antenna Systems -- References -- Chapter 5 Receivers -- 5.1 General Operation of Receivers -- 5.2 Receiver Noise -- 5.2.1 Sources of Receiver Noise -- 5.2.2 Equivalent Noise Bandwidth -- 5.2.3 Thermal Noise at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies -- 5.3 Noise Figure and Noise Temperature -- 5.3.1 Noise Figure -- 5.3.2 Noise Temperature -- 5.3.3 Noise Figure of an Attenuator -- 5.3.4 Noise in Cascaded Systems.

5.3.5 ADC Noise -- 5.4 Receiver Linearity -- 5.4.1 Gain Compression -- 5.4.2 Intermodulation Products -- 5.4.3 Third Order Intercept Point -- 5.4.4 Intercept Point of a Cascade -- 5.4.5 Dynamic Range -- 5.4.6 Spurious Free Dynamic Range -- References -- Chapter 6 Radiometry -- 6.1 Radiometry Fundamentals -- 6.1.1 Brightness -- 6.1.2 Brightness and Distance -- 6.1.3 Flux Density and Source Distribution -- 6.1.4 Effect of the Antenna -- 6.2 Blackbody Radiation -- 6.2.1 Planck's Blackbody Radiation Law -- 6.2.2 Approximations of Planck's Law -- 6.2.3 Band-Limited Integration of Planck's Law -- 6.3 Applied Radiometry -- 6.3.1 Source Resolution -- 6.3.2 Received Power as a Convolution -- 6.3.3 Emissivity and Radiometric Temperature -- 6.4 Radiometer Receivers -- 6.4.1 Sensitivity -- 6.4.2 Total Power Radiometer -- 6.4.3 Interferometric Correlation Radiometer -- 6.5 Practical Considerations -- 6.5.1 Receiver Instabilities -- 6.5.2 Dicke Radiometer -- 6.5.3 Radiometer Calibration -- 6.6 Scanning Radiometer Systems -- 6.6.1 Spatial Resolution -- 6.6.2 Dwell Time -- 6.6.3 Measurement Uncertainty -- References -- Chapter 7 Radar -- 7.1 Radar Fundamentals -- 7.1.1 Configurations and Measurements -- 7.1.2 Range Equation -- 7.2 Transmitter Systems -- 7.2.1 Transmitter Functionality -- 7.2.2 Transmitter Noise -- 7.2.3 Millimeter-Wave Oscillators -- 7.3 Radar Measurement Sensitivity -- 7.3.1 Measurement Error -- 7.3.2 Impact of the Time-Bandwidth Product on Measurement Error -- 7.4 Micro-Doppler -- 7.4.1 Micro-Doppler in Security Radar -- 7.4.2 Micro-Doppler Theory -- 7.4.3 Human Micro-Doppler Signature -- 7.5 Continuous-Wave Radar -- 7.5.1 Continuous-Wave Doppler -- 7.5.2 Frequency-Modulated CW -- 7.5.3 Multifrequency CW -- 7.5.4 Moving Target Indication Radar -- 7.6 High-Range Resolution Radar -- 7.6.1 Pulse Radar -- 7.6.2 Linear Frequency Modulation.

7.6.3 Stepped-Frequency Modulation -- References -- Chapter 8 Imaging Systems -- 8.1 Scanning Imaging Systems -- 8.1.1 Types of Scanning Imagers -- 8.1.2 General Characteristics of Scanning Systems -- 8.2 Interferometric Imaging Systems -- 8.2.1 Introduction -- 8.2.2 Image Formation -- 8.2.3 Visibility Sampling -- 8.2.4 Two-Dimensional Visibility -- 8.2.5 Image Sensitivity -- 8.2.6 Image Resolution and Field of View -- 8.2.7 Interferometric Imaging Arrays -- References -- Chapter 9 Interferometric Measurement of Angular Velocity -- 9.1 Interferometer Response to an Angularly Moving Point Source -- 9.1.1 System Beam Pattern -- 9.1.2 Frequency Shift Induced by an Angularly Moving Object -- 9.1.3 Comparison to Doppler Frequency Shift -- 9.1.4 Frequency Uncertainty at Wide Angles -- 9.1.5 Small Angle Approximation -- 9.2 Interferometer Spectral Response -- 9.2.1 General Spectral Response -- 9.2.2 Response with a Sinc Function System Beam Pattern -- 9.2.3 Interferometer Response in the Time-Frequency Domain -- 9.3 Interferometric Measurement of Moving Humans -- 9.3.1 Narrow-Beamwidth Response to a Moving Human -- 9.3.2 Wide-Beamwidth Response to a Moving Human -- References -- List of Symbols -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- About the Author -- Index.