Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Ions channels and currents -- Self-assessment questions -- 1.1 Potassium channels/currents -- Delayed and inwardly rectifying voltage sensitive potassium channels -- Transient outward potassium current (Ito) -- Rapidly activating delayed rectifier IKr -- Slowly activating delayed rectifier IKs -- IKur (ultrarapid) current -- Voltage-regulated inward rectifier IK1 -- ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) -- IK,ach (acetylcholine dependent K current) -- Two-Pore Potassium Channels (K2P) -- HCN pacemaker current (If) -- Characteristics of potassium channel block -- Effect of pharmacologic agents on the action potential -- M cells, potassium currents and APD -- 1.2 Sodium channels and currents -- Late Na current (INaL) -- Na+,K+-ATPase -- Na+-H+ exchange -- Sodium channel block -- Drug kinetics and channel state -- 1.3 Calcium channels and currents -- The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) -- Calcium channels -- Regulation of pacemaker and Ca currents -- Sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase -- Sarcoplasmic calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors) -- SR Ca2+ overload -- Inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptors -- Sodium and calcium exchange -- Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on calcium channel -- HCN (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated) If channels -- Gap junction -- References -- Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 2 Electrophysiologic effects of cardiac autonomic activity -- Self-assessment questions -- 2.1 Adrenergic receptors -- β-Adrenergic receptors -- 2.2 Cholinergic receptors -- 2.3 Purinergic receptors -- Adenosine -- Acetylcholine and adenosine sensitive potassium currents -- 2.4 Cardiac autonomic innervations -- Cardiac memory -- References.

Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 3 Mechanisms of arrhythmias -- Self-assessment questions -- 3.1 Conduction and block -- Electrophysiology of action potential -- Depolarizing and repolarizing currents -- Supernormal conduction -- Concealed conduction -- Exit Block -- Gap junction -- Continuous and discontinuous conduction -- Gap phenomenon -- Electrical heterogeneity -- Ito and J wave -- 3.2 Automaticity -- Pacemaker channels -- Autonomic regulation of pacemaker currents -- Triggered activity -- His Purkinje electrical activity -- Torsades de Pointes (TDP) -- Excitability and conduction -- Summary -- 3.3 Re-entry -- Phase-2 re-entries (P2R) -- 3.4 Pharmacological differences in epicardium and endocardium -- 3.5 Post myocardial infarction arrhythmias -- Ionic basis for prolongation of APD in LVH -- References -- Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 4 Sinus node dysfunction and AV blocks -- Self-assessment questions -- 4.1 Sinoatrial node -- Sinus tachycardia and SA re-entry tachycardia -- Sinus node dysfunction (SND) -- 4.2 Atrioventricular node (AVN) anatomy and electrophysiology -- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) -- Right bundle branch block (RBBB) -- HCN4 chanellopathy and sinus bradycardia -- Concealed conduction -- Exit block -- AV block and AV dissociation -- Prolonged PR interval (first degree AV block) -- Second degree AV blocks -- Complete AV block -- Congenital AV blocks -- Paroxysmal AV block -- Classification of paroxysmal AV block -- Differentiation between vagal AV block and paroxysmal AV block -- AV block in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) -- AV dissociation -- References -- Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 5 Supraventricular tachycardia -- Self-assessment questions -- 5.1 Atrial flutter -- Treatment -- 5.2 Atrial tachycardias -- Focal atrial tachycardia.

Atrial tachycardias arising from aortic valve sinus of Valsalva (SOV) -- Electrophysiologic criteria for the diagnosis of left atrial tachycardia -- Focal atrial tachycardia with multiple foci -- Repetitive automatic and repetitive focal atrial tachycardias -- Multi-focal atrial tachycardia (MAT) -- Macrore-entrant atrial tachycardia -- Microre-entrant atrial tachycardia -- Atypical atrial flutter with no previous cardiac intervention -- Left atrial flutter -- PostMAZE atypical AFL -- Entrainment mapping -- 5.3 Atrial fibrillation -- Risk factors for AF include -- Morbidities associated with AF -- Mechanism of structural remodeling of the atrium during atrial fibrillation -- Electrical remodeling of the atrium -- Atrial anatomy -- Pericardium -- Classification of AF -- Neurohumoral changes during atrial fibrillation -- Laminopathies -- Atrial developmental features -- Natural history -- Clinical presentation -- Treatment -- IKur and AF -- 5.4 Automatic junctional tachycardia -- Treatment -- 5.5 AVN re-entry tachycardias -- Fast pathway -- Slow pathway -- Common or typical AVNRT -- Electrophysiologic assessment -- Slow/slow (S/S) AVNRT -- Fast/Slow or uncommon type of AVNRT -- Causes of alternating cycle length during AVNRT -- Differential diagnosis of AVNRT -- Causes of a "pseudo-A-A-V" response -- Diagnosis of AVNRT is made based on the classical criteria -- Evaluation of the upper and lower common pathways -- Treatment -- Nonre-entrant dual AVN pathway tachycardia -- 5.6 AV Re-Entrant Tachycardia (AVRT) -- Clinical presentation -- Electrocardiogram -- Electrophysiologic features of AVRT -- Differential diagnosis -- Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome -- Accessory pathway location -- RF ablation for AVRT -- Complications of ablation and recurrences of tachycardia -- Atypical bypass tract -- Nodoventricular bypass tracts (BTs) and nodofascicular BTs.

Fasciculoventricular BTs -- Nodofascicular pathways -- Permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) -- Atriofascicular re-entrant tachycardia -- References -- Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 6 Differential diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia -- Self-assessment questions -- 6.1 Wide complex tachycardia (WCT) -- Causes of WCT -- Differential diagnosis -- Exceptions to VT criteria -- Differential diagnosis -- References -- Answers to self-assesement questions -- Chapter 7 Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation -- Self-assessment questions -- 7.0 Ventricular arrhythmias -- Risk factors for SCD -- Ventricular fibrillation (VF) -- 7.1 Ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of coronary artery disease -- Ventricular tachycardia -- Factors associated with development of ventricular arrhythmias during MI -- Clinical manifestations during VT -- Treatment -- Catheter ablation of VT is indicated for -- VT catheter ablation is contra-indicated -- Electrophysiologic criteria for selecting ablation site -- Substrate-based approaches for selecting target sites for VT ablation -- Endpoints for ablation -- Depressed ventricular function associated with frequent ventricular ectopy -- VT ablation in patients with implanted defibrillators -- 7.2 Electrocardiographic features of Epicardial VT -- 7.3 Ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy -- Heart failure and hypertrophy -- Stretch-activated ion channels (SAC) -- Tachycardia-induced myocardial changes -- Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure -- Ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) -- Treatment -- Dilated cardiomyopathy -- 7.4 Bundle branch re-entry ventricular tachycardia -- Clinical manifestations -- Electrophysiologic features -- Differential diagnosis of BBR-VT -- Treatment.

7.5 Ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of channelopathies -- Cardiac action potential -- Long QT syndrome -- LQT1 -- LQT2 -- LQT3 -- LQT4 -- LQT5 -- LQTS6 -- Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) LQTS7 -- Timothy syndrome (LQT8) -- LQT9 -- Clinical presentation -- Electrocardiographic features -- Molecular genetics and risk stratification -- Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in long QT syndrome -- Therapeutic options in LQTS -- Torsade de Pointes (TDP) -- Polymorphic VT and normal QT interval -- Acquired LQTS -- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy -- Brugada syndrome -- Early repolarization and idiopathic VF -- Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia -- Ventricular tachycardia in left ventricular noncompaction -- 7.6 Ventricular tachycardias in structurally normal heart -- Idiopathic VTs -- Supravalvular atrial and ventricular arrhythmias -- Interfascicular VT -- Papillary muscle VT -- Short coupled torsades -- Aortic cusp ventricular tachycardias -- 7.7 Miscellaneous forms of ventricular arrhythmias -- Bidirectional VT -- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) -- Parasystole -- Propofol-related infusion syndrome (PRIS) -- Mechanically induced ventricular fibrillation (commotio cordis) -- Cardiac sarcoidosis -- References -- Answers to self-assessment questions -- Chapter 8 Sudden cardiac death and risk stratification -- Self-assessment question -- 8.1 Sudden cardiac death -- SCD in young athletes -- Circadian rhythms -- Clinical presentation of SCD -- Mechanisms -- Clinical evaluation and treatment -- 8.2 Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death -- 12 Lead ECG -- Heart rate recovery after exercise -- Family history of SCD -- PVC as risk factor -- NSVT -- Signal average ECG (SAECG) -- Heart rate variability -- Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) -- T wave alternans (TWA).

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).