STEM CELLS IN CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Preface -- PART I DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF CRANIOFACIAL TISSUES AND ORGANS -- 1 Molecular Blueprint for Craniofacial Morphogenesis and Development -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ECTODERM: NEURAL INDUCTION -- 3 ECTODERM: NEURULATION -- 4 HEAD INDUCTION -- 5 ECTODERM: NEURAL CREST CELLS -- 6 ECTODERM: PLACODES -- 7 MESODERM: MUSCLE -- 8 MESODERM: ENDOTHELIAL CELLS -- 9 ENDODERM: ORAL CAVITY -- 10 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Cranial Neural Crest Cells in Craniofacial Tissues and Organs -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PALATE DEVELOPMENT -- 3 TOOTH DEVELOPMENT -- 4 TONGUE DEVELOPMENT -- 5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 3 Craniofacial Intramembranous Bone Development and Regeneration -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 INITIAL STAGES OF CRANIOFACIAL BONE DEVELOPMENT -- 3 OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION, FUNCTION, AND FATE -- 4 OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- 5 CELLULAR COORDINATION OF BONE DEPOSITION AND RESORPTION -- 6 INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONE GROWTH, MODELING, REMODELING, SUTURE FORMATION, AND FUNCTION -- 7 INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONE REGENERATION -- 8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Temporomandibular Joint Development -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TMJ -- 3 MAMMALIAN CONDYLE IS MADE OF SECONDARY CARTILAGE -- 4 MANY GENES ARE EXPRESSED SIMILARLY IN THE DEVELOPING CONDYLE AND PRIMARY CARTILAGES -- 5 TISSUE INTERACTIONS PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN TMJ DEVELOPMENT -- 6 REGULATION OF TMJ DEVELOPMENT BY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -- 7 GROWTH FACTOR-MEDIATED SIGNALING PATHWAYS PLAY MULTIPLE ROLES IN TMJ DEVELOPMENT -- 8 REGULATION OF TMJ DEVELOPMENT BY EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX -- 9 CONTRIBUTION OF EXTRINSIC FACTORS TO TMJ DEVELOPMENT -- 10 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Craniofacial Muscle Development -- 1 INTRODUCTION.

2 SOMITIC MYOGENESIS AND MYOGENIC REGULATORY HIERARCHIES -- 3 CRANIAL MESODERM -- 4 GENETIC CONTROL OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT -- 5 BRANCHIOMERIC MYOGENESIS -- 6 GENETIC CONTROL OF BRANCHIOMERIC MYOGENESIS -- 7 PHARYNGEAL MESODERM: CONNECTING HEAD AND HEART MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT -- 8 VISCERAL ORIGINS OF BRANCHIOMERIC SKELETAL MUSCLES -- 9 CRANIAL NEURAL CREST PATTERNS DEVELOPING CRANIOFACIAL MUSCLE -- 10 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 6 Tooth Morphogenesis and Renewal -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF TOOTH FORMATION -- 3 REGULATION OF TOOTH MORPHOGENESIS AND DENTAL SIGNALING CENTERS -- 4 DENTAL CELL LINEAGES AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION -- 5 TOOTH RENEWAL -- 6 DENTAL STEM CELLS, TOOTH RENEWAL, AND PROSPECTS FOR TOOTH REGENERATION -- 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Reptilian Tooth Regeneration -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 HOW ANCESTRAL IS TOOTH REGENERATION IN AMNIOTES? -- 3 BASAL AMNIOTES IN BOTH MAMMALIAN AND REPTILIAN LINEAGES COULD REPLACE THEIR TEETH -- 4 GENERAL PROCESS OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT AND REPLACEMENT IN SQUAMATE REPTILES -- 5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUCCESSIONAL LAMINA AND TOOTH REGENERATION -- 6 MOLECULAR CONTROLS OF THE REFORMATION OF THE SUCCESSIONAL LAMINA -- 7 THE SUCCESSIONAL LAMINA RECAPITULATES GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF THE EARLY DENTAL LAMINA -- 8 SIGNALING PATHWAY INTERACTIONS DURING FORMATION OF THE SUCCESSIONAL LAMINA -- 9 POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER FACTORS IN SUCCESSIONAL LAMINA REFORMATION OR SURVIVAL: ECTODYSPLASIN AND FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS -- 10 STEM CELLS IN SQUAMATE TOOTH REPLACEMENT -- 11 CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE -- REFERENCES -- 8 Tooth Root Development -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF TOOTH ROOT TISSUES -- 3 DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES IN ROOT FORMATION -- 4 SIGNALING AND INDUCTIVE INFLUENCES IN ROOT DEVELOPMENT.

5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Systems Biology of Early Tooth Development -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY OF E-M SIGNALING DYNAMICS DURING EARLY ODONTOGENESIS -- 3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- PART II STEM CELLS AND THEIR NICHES IN CRANIOFACIAL TISSUES -- 10 Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, and Their Differentiation to Specified Lineage Fates -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS OF STEM CELLS -- 3 PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS -- 4 DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM CELLS FOR REGENERATION AND THERAPY -- 5 APPLICATIONS USING CELLS DERIVED FROM PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS -- 6 LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 11 Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 BONE MARROW STROMAL SYSTEM -- 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF BONE MARROW MSC -- 4 PERIVASCULAR PROPERTIES OF HUMAN BONE MARROW MSC -- 5 IMMUNOMODULATORY PROPERTIES -- 6 BONE MARROW MSC-BASED THERAPIES FOR TREATING CRANIOFACIAL DEFECTS -- 7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Their Regeneration Potential -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF STROMAL VASCULAR FRACTION CELLS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE-DERIVED STROMAL AND STEM CELLS -- 3 FINDINGS FROM CRANIOFACIAL PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS -- 4 FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells: Their Origin and Niche Factors -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EMBRYONIC MYOGENESIS -- 3 SATELLITE CELL NICHE -- 4 GROWTH FACTORS -- 5 DIFFERENCES IN CRANIOFACIAL AND LIMB MUSCLES -- 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE -- REFERENCES -- 14 Stem Cells in Salivary Gland Development and Regeneration -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SALIVARY GLAND DEVELOPMENT -- 3 THE CLINICAL NEED FOR PROGENITOR CELLS -- 4 MULTIPLE PROGENITORS PARTICIPATE IN DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION.

5 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN EPITHELIAL PROGENITORS AND THEIR NICHE IS ESSENTIAL FOR GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION -- 6 CLINICAL TRANSLATION OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES INTO REGENERATIVE MEDICINE APPROACHES -- 7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE SALIVARY GLAND FIELD -- REFERENCES -- 15 Stem and Progenitor Cells of Dental and Gingival Tissue Origin -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DENTALPULP -- 3 PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT -- 4 APICAL PAPILLA -- 5 DENTAL NEURAL CREST-DERIVED PROGENITOR CELLS -- 6 DENTAL FOLLICLE -- 7 GINGIVAL TISSUE-DERIVED MSCS -- 8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 16 Regulation and Differentiation Potential of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DIFFERENTIATION POTENTIAL OF DENTAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS -- 3 REGULATION OF STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION BY T-CELLS -- 4 MOLECULAR REGULATION OF DENTAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION -- 5 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF DENTAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION -- 6 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DENTAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION BY MICRORNAs -- 7 PHYSICAL FACTORS IN DENTAL MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION -- 8 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 17 An Incisive Look at Stem Cells: The Mouse Incisor as an Emerging Model for Tooth Renewal -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 FROM REPLACEMENT TO EVER-GROWING TEETH -- 3 THE EPITHELIAL STEM CELL NICHE IN THE CONTINUOUSLY GROWING MOUSE INCISOR -- 4 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OPEN QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 18 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Niches in Rodent Tooth Pulp -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 RODENT INCISOR MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL NICHE(S) -- 3 MOLAR MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL NICHE -- 4 FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III STEM CELL-MEDIATED CRANIOFACIAL TISSUE BIOENGINEERING -- 19 Bone Bioengineering: Scaffolds, Growth Factors, and Stem Cells -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SCAFFOLDS -- 3 GROWTH FACTORS -- 4 STEM CELLS -- 5 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES.

6 APPLICATION OF SCAFFOLDS, GROWTH FACTORS, AND STEM CELLS -- 7 FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 20 Craniofacial Tissue Bioengineering and Regeneration by Endogenous Stem Cells -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CELL MIGRATION AND RECRUITMENT -- 3 CELL HOMING MODELS -- 4 REGENERATION BY CELL HOMING -- 5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 21 Stem Cell-Based Bioengineering of Craniofacial Bone -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MESENCHYMAL STROMAL CELLS -- 3 ADIPOSE-DERIVED STROMAL CELLS -- 4 INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS -- 5 STEM CELLS AND GENE THERAPY -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 22 Muscle Tissue Engineering Approaches -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SKELETAL MUSCLE REGENERATION -- 3 TISSUE ENGINEERING STRATEGIES -- 4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 23 Engineering of Dental Tissues: Scaffolds and Preclinical Models -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SCAFFOLDS IN DENTAL TISSUE ENGINEERING -- 3 MODELS FOR DENTAL TISSUE ENGINEERING -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 24 Whole-Tooth Engineering and Cell Sources -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WHOLE-TOOTH ORGAN ENGINEERING USING EMBRYONIC DENTAL CELLS -- 3 CELL SOURCES FOR ENGINEERING OF THE ENAMEL ORGAN -- 4 MESENCHYMAL CELL SOURCES -- 5 REQUIREMENTS FOR MESENCHYMAL CELLS TO BE USED FOR TOOTH ENGINEERING -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 25 Bioengineering of Functional Teeth -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TOOTH DEVELOPMENT -- 3 WHOLE-TOOTH REGENERATION AS A FUTURE ORGAN-REPLACEMENT REGENERATIVE THERAPY -- 4 FUNCTIONAL TOOTH ORGAN REPLACEMENT IN VIVO -- 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 26 Pulp and Dentin Regeneration -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 REVITALIZATION OF IMMATURE TOOTH: PULP HEALING AND REPAIR -- 3 PULP-DENTIN ENGINEERING AND REGENERATION: ECTOPIC MODEL -- 4 PULP-DENTIN ENGINEERING AND REGENERATION: ORTHOTOPIC MODEL -- 5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 27 Bioengineering of Roots and Periodontal Tissues.

1 INTRODUCTION.