Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Examples of Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials -- 1 Biomaterials from Marine-Origin Biopolymers -- 1.1 Taking Inspiration from the Sea -- 1.2 Marine-Origin Biopolymers -- 1.2.1 Chitosan -- 1.2.2 Alginate -- 1.2.3 Carrageenan -- 1.2.4 Collagen -- 1.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid -- 1.2.6 Others -- 1.3 Marine-Based Tissue Engineering Approaches -- 1.3.1 Membranes -- 1.3.2 Hydrogels -- 1.3.3 Tridimensional Porous Structures -- 1.3.4 Particles -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrogels from Protein Engineering -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Principles of Protein Engineering -- 2.2.1 Protein Structure and Folding -- 2.2.2 Design of Protein-Engineered Hydrogels -- 2.2.3 Production of Protein-Engineered Hydrogels -- 2.3 Structural Diversity and Applications of Protein-Engineered Hydrogels -- 2.3.1 Self-Assembled Protein Hydrogels -- 2.3.2 Covalently Cross-Linked Protein Hydrogels -- 2.4 Development of Biomimetic Protein-Engineered Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications -- 2.4.1 Mechanical Properties Mediate Cellular Response -- 2.4.2 Biodegradable Hydrogels for Cell Invasion -- 2.4.3 Diverse Biochemical Cues Regulate Complex Cell Behaviors -- 2.4.3.1 Cell-Extracellular Matrix Binding Domains -- 2.4.3.2 Nanoscale Patterning of Cell-Extracellular Matrix Binding Domains -- 2.4.3.3 Cell-Cell Binding Domains -- 2.4.3.4 Delivery of Soluble Cell Signaling Molecules -- 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- References -- 3 Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Collagens In Vivo -- 3.2.1 Collagen Structure -- 3.2.2 Collagen Fibrillogenesis -- 3.2.3 Three-Dimensional Networks of Collagen in Connective Tissues -- 3.2.4 Interactions of Cells with Collagen -- 3.3 Collagen In Vitro -- 3.4 Collagen Hydrogels.

3.4.1 Collagen I Hydrogels -- 3.4.1.1 Classical Hydrogels -- 3.4.1.2 Concentrated Collagen Hydrogels -- 3.4.1.3 Dense Collagen Hydrogels Obtained by Plastic Compression -- 3.4.1.4 Dense Collagen Matrices -- 3.4.2 Cross-Linked Collagen I Hydrogels -- 3.4.2.1 Chemical Cross-Linking -- 3.4.2.2 Enzymatic Cross-Linking -- 3.4.3 Collagen II Hydrogels -- 3.4.4 Aligned Hydrogels and Extruded Fibers -- 3.4.4.1 Aligned Hydrogels -- 3.4.4.2 Extruded Collagen Fibers -- 3.5 Collagen Sponges -- 3.6 Multichannel Collagen Scaffolds -- 3.6.1 Multichannel Collagen Conduits -- 3.6.2 Multi-Channeled Collagen-Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds -- 3.7 What Tissues Do Collagen Biomaterials Mimic? (see Table 3.1) -- 3.7.1 Skin -- 3.7.2 Nerves -- 3.7.3 Tendons -- 3.7.4 Bone -- 3.7.5 Intervertebral Disk -- 3.7.6 Cartilage -- 3.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Silk-Based Biomaterials -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Silk Proteins -- 4.2.1 Bombyx mori Silk -- 4.2.2 Spider Silk -- 4.2.3 Recombinant Silk -- 4.3 Mechanical Properties -- 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Silk -- 4.5 Final Remarks -- References -- 5 Elastin-like Macromolecules -- 5.1 General Introduction -- 5.2 Materials Engineering - an Overview on Synthetic and Natural Biomaterials -- 5.3 Elastin as a Source of Inspiration for Nature-Inspired Polymers -- 5.3.1 Genetic Coding -- 5.3.2 Characteristics of Elastin -- 5.3.3 Elastin Disorders -- 5.3.4 Current Applications of Elastin as Biomaterials -- 5.3.4.1 Skin -- 5.3.4.2 Vascular Constructs -- 5.4 Nature-Inspired Biosynthetic Elastins -- 5.4.1 General Properties of Elastin-like Recombinamers -- 5.4.2 The Principle of Genetic Engineering - a Powerful Tool for Engineering Materials -- 5.4.3 From Genetic Construction to Molecules with Tailored Biofunctionality -- 5.4.4 Biocompatibility of ELRs -- 5.5 ELRs as Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications.

5.5.1 Tissue Engineering -- 5.5.2 Drug and Gene Delivery -- 5.5.3 Surface Engineering -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Biomimetic Molecular Recognition Elements for Chemical Sensing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Overview -- 6.1.2 Biological Chemoreception -- 6.1.3 Host-Guest Interactions -- 6.1.3.1 Lock and Key -- 6.1.3.2 Induced Fit -- 6.1.3.3 Preexisting Equilibrium Model -- 6.1.4 Biomimetic Surfaces for Molecular Recognition -- 6.2 Theory of Molecular Recognition -- 6.2.1 Foundation of Molecular Recognition -- 6.2.2 Noncovalent Interactions -- 6.2.3 Thermodynamics of the Molecular Recognition Event -- 6.2.4 Putting a Figure of Merit on Molecular Recognition -- 6.2.5 Multiple Interactions: Avidity and Cooperativity -- 6.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers -- 6.3.1 A Brief History of Molecular Imprinting -- 6.3.2 Strategies for the Formation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers -- 6.3.3 Polymer Matrix Design -- 6.3.4 Cross-Linking and Polymerization Approaches -- 6.3.5 Template Extraction -- 6.3.6 Limitations and Areas for Improvement -- 6.4 Supramolecular Chemistry -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Macrocyclic Effect -- 6.4.3 Chelate Effect -- 6.4.4 Preorganization, Rational Design, and Modeling -- 6.4.5 Templating Effect -- 6.4.6 Effective Supramolecular Receptors for Biomimetic Sensing -- 6.4.6.1 Calixarenes -- 6.4.6.2 Metalloporphyrins -- 6.4.7 Recent Improvement -- 6.5 Biomolecular Materials -- 6.5.1 Introduction -- 6.5.2 Native Biomolecules -- 6.5.2.1 Polypeptides -- 6.5.2.2 Carbohydrates -- 6.5.2.3 Oligonucleotides -- 6.5.3 Engineered Biomolecules -- 6.5.3.1 In vitro Selection of RNA/DNA Aptamers -- 6.5.3.2 Evolutionary Screened Peptides -- 6.5.3.3 Computational and Rational Design of Biomimetic Receptors -- 6.6 Summary and Future of Biomimetic-Sensor-Coating Materials -- References -- Part II Surface Aspects.

7 Biology Lessons for Engineering Surfaces for Controlling Cell-Material Adhesion -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Extracellular Matrix -- 7.3 Protein Structure -- 7.4 Basics of Protein Adsorption -- 7.5 Kinetics of Protein Adsorption -- 7.6 Cell Communication -- 7.6.1 Intracellular Communication -- 7.6.2 Intercellular Communication -- 7.7 Cell Adhesion Background -- 7.8 Integrins and Adhesive Force Generation Overview -- 7.9 Adhesive Interactions in Cell, and Host Responses to Biomaterials -- 7.10 Model Systems for Controlling Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion -- 7.11 Self-Assembling Monolayers (SAMs) -- 7.12 Real-World Materials for Medical Applications -- 7.12.1 Polymer Brush Systems -- 7.12.2 Hydrogels -- 7.13 Bio-Inspired, Adhesive Materials: New Routes to Promote Tissue Repair and Regeneration -- 7.14 Dynamic Biomaterials -- 7.14.1 Nonspecific ''On'' Switches -- 7.14.1.1 Electrochemical Desorption -- 7.14.1.2 Oxidative Release -- 7.14.2 Photobased Desorption -- 7.14.3 Integrin Specific ''On'' Switching -- 7.14.3.1 Photoactivation -- 7.14.4 Adhesion ''Off'' Switching -- 7.14.4.1 Electrochemical Off Switching -- 7.14.5 Reversible Adhesion Switches -- 7.14.5.1 Reversible Photoactive Switching -- 7.14.5.2 Reversible Temperature-Based Switching -- 7.14.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- 8 Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis at the Cell-Material Interface -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cell-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis -- 8.2.1 Fibronectin Structure -- 8.2.2 Essential Domains for FN Assembly -- 8.2.3 FN Fibrillogenesis and Regulation of Matrix Assembly -- 8.3 Cell-Free Assembly of Fibronectin Fibrils -- 8.4 Material-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis -- 8.4.1 Physiological Organization of Fibronectin at the Material Interface -- 8.4.2 Biological Activity of the Material-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis -- References.

9 Nanoscale Control of Cell Behavior on Biointerfaces -- 9.1 Nanoscale Cues in Cell Environment -- 9.2 Biomimetics of Cell Environment Using Interfaces -- 9.2.1 Surface Patterning Techniques at the Nanoscale -- 9.2.1.1 Surface Patterning by Nonconventional Nanolithography -- 9.2.1.2 Block Copolymer Micelle Lithography -- 9.2.2 Variation of Surface Physical Parameters at the Nanoscale -- 9.2.2.1 Surface Nanotopography -- 9.2.2.2 Interligand Spacing -- 9.2.2.3 Ligand Density -- 9.2.2.4 Substrate Mechanical Properties -- 9.2.2.5 Dimensionality -- 9.2.3 Surface Functionalization for Controlled Presentation of ECM Molecules to Cells -- 9.2.3.1 Proteins, Protein Fragments, and Peptides -- 9.2.3.2 Linking Systems -- 9.2.3.3 Modulation of Substrate Background -- 9.3 Cell Responses to Nanostructured Materials -- 9.3.1 Cell Adhesion and Migration -- 9.3.2 Cell-Cell Interactions -- 9.3.3 Cell Membrane Receptor Signaling -- 9.3.4 Applications of Nanostructures in Stem Cell Biology -- 9.4 The Road Ahead -- References -- 10 Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges for Biomedical Applications -- 10.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature -- 10.2 Theory of Surface Wettability -- 10.2.1 Young's Model -- 10.2.2 Wenzel's Model -- 10.2.3 The Cassie-Baxter Model -- 10.2.4 Transition between the Cassie-Baxter and Wenzel Models -- 10.3 Fabrication of Extreme Water-Repellent Surfaces Inspired by Nature -- 10.3.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Lotus Leaf -- 10.3.2 Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Legs of the Water Strider -- 10.3.3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Anisotropic Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature -- 10.3.4 Other Superhydrophobic Surfaces -- 10.4 Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.1 Cell Interactions with Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges.

10.4.2 Protein Interactions with Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges.