Contents 9 -- List of figures 15 -- List of abbreviations 15 -- Acknowledgements 17 -- 1 Introduction 19 -- 1.1 Aim of the study 19 -- 1.2 Hypothesis 20 -- 1.3 Previous research on ideology and gender in translation 21 -- 1.4 The present study 23 -- 1.5 Limitations 23 -- 1.6 Methodology and model of analysis 24 -- 1.7 The criteria for selection of the texts 25 -- 1.7.1 Text type considerations: case of feminist texts 27 -- 1.7.2 Geographical considerations: positioning of the ST and TT 27 -- 1.7.3 Historical periods and temporal restrictions 28 -- 1.8 Ethics, ideology, and translation: a few considerations 29 -- 1.9 Breakdown and overview of chapters 30 -- PART I: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY -- 2 The relationship between ideology, gender, and translation 35 -- 2.1 Definitions of ideology 35 -- 2.2 Ideology and language: differences in language use between males and females 38 -- 2.3 Linguistic expression of ideology: sexist language 41 -- 2.3.1 Sexism in English 43 -- 2.3.2 Sexism in Italian 45 -- 2.4 Ideology and translation 50 -- 2.4.1 Feminist translations as an example of ideological distortion in translation 53 -- 2.4.2 Feminist strategies in translation 55 -- 2.4.3 Criticisms of feminist translators 59 -- 2.5 Relevance for my research and concluding remarks 61 -- 3 The role of equivalence and linguistics in the comparison of translations: an introduction to the analytical methodology 63 -- 3.1 The importance of linguistic analysis for translation studies 63 -- 3.2 Contrastive linguistics and translation 65 -- 3.3 Text linguistics: a brief historical overview 69 -- 3.4 Applied linguistics from a critical perspective: critical discourse analysis (CDA) 71 -- 3.5 Levels of analysis and types of equivalence 76 -- 3.6 Equivalence in translation: between myth and reality 77.

3.6.1 Vinay and Darbelnet: equivalence as one of the oblique translation procedures 79 -- 3.6.2 Jakobson and the concept of equivalence in difference 81 -- 3.6.3 Nida and Taber: formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence 83 -- 3.6.4 Catford and the introduction of translation shifts 85 -- 3.6.5 House and the elaboration of overt and covert translation 87 -- 3.6.6 Baker's approach to translation equivalence 90 -- 3.7 Concluding remarks 93 -- 4 A methodology for comparing STs and TTs 95 -- 4.1 Grammatical and syntactic level: grammatical equivalence 95 -- 4.1.1 Gender, grammatical gender and word manipulation 96 -- 4.1.2 Transitivity 99 -- 4.2 Textual level: textual equivalence 101 -- 4.2.1 Thematic structure: marked vs unmarked word order 102 -- 4.3 Lexical and semantic level: equivalence at word level and above word level 105 -- 4.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical choices 105 -- 4.3.2 Text types 106 -- 4.3.3 Register analysis 111 -- 4.3.4 'Women's language' 117 -- 4.3.5 Idioms and fixed expressions 118 -- 4.4 Pragmatic level: pragmatic equivalence 119 -- 4.4.1 Modality 120 -- 4.4.2 Speech act theory 123 -- 4.4.3 Gricean implicatures 125 -- 4.5 Assessing the translator's mediation in the TT 127 -- 4.5.1 Punctuation 127 -- 4.5.2 Omission 128 -- 4.5.3 Addition 129 -- 4.5.4 Mistranslations and mistakes 129 -- 4.6 Presentation of the ST and the TT: extralinguistic factors 130 -- 4.6.1 The title 131 -- 4.6.2 Prefaces, forewords, afterwords, dedications, and acknowledgements 132 -- 4.7 Concluding remarks 134 -- PARTII: PRACTICAL ANALYSES -- 5 Presentation of STs and TTs: authors, translators, text types, socio-historical periods, cultural and political information 137 -- 5.1 Stuart Hood: biographical information 137 -- 5.2 Frances Frenaye: biographical information 140 -- 5.3 Dacia Maraini 141 -- 5.3.1 La Vacanza: main issues and text type 142.

5.3.2 L'età del malessere: main issues and text type 143 -- 5.3.3 Maraini as feminist writer: critical views 144 -- 5.3.4 Historical context of Maraini's novels 145 -- 5.4 Pier Paolo Pasolini 146 -- 5.4.1 Teorema: main issues and text type 149 -- 5.4.2 Historical context 150 -- 5.5 Carlo Levi 153 -- 5.5.1 Cristo si è fermato a Eboli: main issues and text type 153 -- 5.5.2 Historical context 156 -- 5.6 Concluding remarks 157 -- 6 Dacia Maraini translated by Stuart Hood 159 -- 6.1 Preliminaries 159 -- 6.1.1 Paratexts 159 -- 6.1.2 Translator's competence and mediation 160 -- 6.2 Grammatical and syntactic level 166 -- 6.2.1 Gender markers and word manipulation 166 -- 6.2.2 Transitivity 171 -- 6.3 Lexical and semantic level 172 -- 6.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical choices 172 -- 6.3.2 'Women's language' 174 -- 6.3.3 Register analysis 178 -- 6.3.4 Idioms and fixed expressions 180 -- 6.4 Textual level 185 -- 6.4.1 Thematic structure and marked vs unmarked word order 185 -- 6.5 Pragmatic level 188 -- 6.5.1 Implied meanings and cultural factors 188 -- 6.5.2 Modality 190 -- 6.6 Concluding remarks 192 -- 7 Dacia Maraini translated by Frances Frenaye 195 -- 7.1 Preliminaries 195 -- 7.1.1 Paratexts 195 -- 7.1.2 Translator's competence and mediation 196 -- 7.2 Grammatical and syntactic level 202 -- 7.2.1 Gender markers and word manipulation 202 -- 7.2.2 Transitivity 204 -- 7.3 Lexical and semantic level 206 -- 7.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical choices 206 -- 7.3.2 'Women's language' 211 -- 7.3.3 Register analysis 214 -- 7.3.4 Idioms and fixed expressions 216 -- 7.4 Textual level 218 -- 7.4.1 Thematic structure and marked vs unmarked word order 218 -- 7.5 Pragmatic level 222 -- 7.5.1 Implied meanings and cultural factors 222 -- 7.5.2 Modality 224 -- 7.5.3 Speech acts 226 -- 7.6 Concluding remarks 227 -- 8 Pier Paolo Pasolini translated by Stuart Hood 229.

8.1 Preliminaries 229 -- 8.1.1 Paratexts 229 -- 8.1.2 Translator's competence and mediation 230 -- 8.2 Grammatical and syntactic level 234 -- 8.2.1 Gender markers and word manipulation 234 -- 8.2.2 Transitivity 236 -- 8.3 Lexical and semantic level 238 -- 8.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical choices 238 -- 8.3.2 Strong language 241 -- 8.3.3 Register analysis 243 -- 8.3.4 Idioms and fixed expressions 247 -- 8.4 Textual level 248 -- 8.4.1 Thematic structure and marked vs unmarked word order 248 -- 8.5 Pragmatic level 250 -- 8.5.1 Implied meanings and cultural factors 250 -- 8.5.2 Modality 252 -- 8.6 Concluding remarks 254 -- 9 Carlo Levi translated by Frances Frenaye 257 -- 9.1 Preliminaries 257 -- 9.1.1 Paratexts 257 -- 9.1.2 Translator's competence and mediation 258 -- 9.2 Grammatical and syntactic level 263 -- 9.2.1 Gender markers and word manipulation 263 -- 9.2.2 Transitivity 266 -- 9.3 Lexical and semantic level 271 -- 9.3.1 Semantic fields and lexical choices 271 -- 9.3.2 Strong language 274 -- 9.3.3 Register analysis 276 -- 9.3.4 Idioms and fixed expressions 279 -- 9.4 Textual level 280 -- 9.4.1 Thematic structure and marked vs unmarked word order 280 -- 9.5 Pragmatic level 282 -- 9.5.1 Implied meanings and cultural factors 282 -- 9.5.2 Modality 285 -- 9.6 Concluding remarks 288 -- 10 Findings, conclusions, and prospects for future research 289 -- 10.1 General conclusions 289 -- 10.2 Stuart Hood 291 -- 10.3 Frances Frenaye 295 -- 10.4 Similarities 299 -- 10.5 Differences 300 -- 10.6 Prospects for future research 303 -- Appendix 1 305 -- Bibliography 307.