The Interplay of Variation and Change in Contact Settings -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC page -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- Variation and change in contact settings -- 1. Variation and the mechanisms of language change -- 2. Types and outcomes of variation in multilingual settings -- 3. The role of ongoing variation in contact-induced change -- References -- PART I. Types and outcomes of variation in multilingual settings -- Syntactic variation and change -- 1. Principles and methods of variationist sociolinguistics -- 2. Applying sociolinguistic methods to the diffusion of change -- 2.1 The realization of (ing) in English -- 2.2 The realization of (ai) in East London teenagers -- 2.3 The use of negative concord in Chicano English in Los Angeles -- 2.4 Variationist statistics: Weighting different factors or constraints -- 2.5 Social factors and syntactic variables -- 3. Bridging sociolinguistics and language contact -- 3.1 Choosing a substrate -- 3.2 Sampling and coding of the Bislama and Tamambo corpora -- 3.3 Examples of the variables -- 4. Results: Animacy in Tamambo and Bislama -- 4.1 Subjects in Tamambo -- 4.2 Interpreting weightings -- 4.3 Objects in Tamambo -- 4.4 Subjects in Bislama -- 4.5 Objects in Bislama -- 4.6 Summary of constraints: Transformation under transfer -- 5. Conclusion: Strengthening connections between sociolinguistics and language contact -- References -- Advancing the change? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Languages in contact dynamics over time and space -- 3. Research design and methodological approach -- 4. The variable -- 5. Results -- 5.1 Rewind a century: Real-time analysis of nineteenth- and twentieth-century French -- 5.2 Fast forward again: The linguistic repertoire of Anglophones in Montreal at the end of the twentieth century -- 5.2.1 Anglo-montrealer French.

5.2.2 Anglo-montrealer English -- 5.2.3 Advancing the change? -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Morphosyntactic contact-induced language change among young speakers of Estonian Russian -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data collection, participants, and methodology -- 3. Convergence -- 4. The grammatical approach to CS -- 5. CS, lexical borrowings, and mixed constructions -- 6. Morphosyntactic patterns of Russian-Estonian CS -- 6.1 Word order and government in non-monolingual genitive constructions -- 6.2 Infinitives in mixed constructions (verb + infinitive) -- 7. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Intermingling speech groups -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The research design -- 2.1 The research area -- 2.2 The historical setting -- 2.3 The social setting -- 2.3.1 Samo idiosyncrasies -- 2.3.2 Pana idiosyncrasies -- 2.4 Methods and data -- 2.5 Working hypotheses -- 3. Genealogical and typological fingerprints -- 3.1 Typological properties of Gur languages and internal classification -- 3.2 Pana -- 3.3 Typological properties of Mande languages and internal classification -- 3.4 Northern Samo -- 4. Contact-induced morpho-syntactic changes -- 4.1 Nominal class markers (Pana) -- 4.2 Determiners and demonstratives (Samo) -- 4.3 WH-elements (Samo) -- 4.4 Possession (Pana) -- 4.5 Negation -- 4.5.1 Negation in Pana -- 4.5.2 Negation in Samo -- 4.6 Copulas and non-verbal predication -- 4.6.1 Pana -- 4.6.2 Samo -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- The interplay of inherent tendencies and language contact on French object clitics -- 1. Frame, methodology and data collection -- 2. Standard French pronominal morphology and proclitic system -- 3. Variation involving French object pronouns in French Guiana -- 4. Interference as a traditional explanation -- 5. Inherent tendencies as an explanation.

6. The pronominal paradigm: A special non-stable domain in French and in other Romance languages -- 7. Final remarks -- References -- Contact-induced change and internal evolution -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dialect variation in the third person unstressed pronominal system -- 2.1 The central variety of Peninsular Spanish -- 2.2 Spanish in contact with Amerindian languages -- 2.3 Elision of the direct object -- 2.3.1 Peninsular Spanish: the conservative variety -- 2.3.2 Intermediate varieties: the Spanish of Buenos Aires -- 2.3.3 Spanish in contact with Amerindian languages: More evolved varieties -- 2.4 The values of the preterite tenses -- 2.4.1 Central Peninsular Spanish -- 2.4.2 Ecuadorian Spanish -- 3. Final considerations -- References -- The interplay of language-internal variation and contact influence in language change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The loss of the genitive case in Sakha -- 2.1 Possessive constructions in Turkic languages -- 2.2 Possessive constructions in Siberian languages -- 3. The shift of local case-marking in Evenki -- 3.1 Local cases in Tungusic languages -- 3.2 Contact influence in Evenki? -- 4. The fate of verbal subject agreement marking in Mongolic languages -- 4.1 Subject agreement marking in Mongolic languages -- 4.2 Historical variation and the impact of contact influence -- 5. The development of a future imperative in Sakha -- 5.1 The future imperative in the languages of Siberia -- 5.2 Grammaticalization out of a pre-existing periphrastic imperative form -- 6. Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Change and variation in a trilingual setting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidentiality -- 2.1 Terminology -- 2.2 Evidentials in contact settings -- 2.3 Mediate information in the South Slavic languages -- 3. Pomak (Xanthi prefecture, Greece).

4. From an overt to a non-overt expression of mediate information through variation: Evidence from Pomak -- 4.1 Generalized use of the V-l without auxiliary -- 4.2 Important use of V-l without auxiliary -- 4.3 Variation between V-l with and without auxiliary -- 4.3.1 Existential "have" in the introductory formula -- 4.3.2 Verb repetition with intensive/durative value -- 4.3.3 Modals/inchoatives + da + indicative V -- 4.3.4 Coordination -- 4.3.5 Other cases -- 4.4 V-l with auxiliary, no verbs without auxiliary -- 5. A multiple causation analysis -- 5.1 Sociolinguistic factors: Oral tradition loss -- 5.2 Internal factors: the temporal subordinators indicating the tale's sphere -- 5.3 Language contact factors -- 5.3.1 The trilingual setting -- 5.3.2 Mediate information markers in contact -- 6. Change and variation in a multilingual setting -- References -- Afterword -- References -- Index.