Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface -- Dedication -- Acknowledgements -- Contributor Details -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables and Figures -- Section 1: Foundations for practice -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: The Patient's Journey -- Introduction -- Care pathways: Policies and Guidelines -- Integrated Care Pathways -- Chapter 2: Philosophy -- Introduction -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Needs Approach Model -- Introduction -- What Is a Need? -- Structure of the Needs Approach Model -- Use of the Model -- Assessing the Patient's Needs -- Planning -- Goal Setting -- Implementation -- Evaluation -- Risk -- The Miraculous Recovery -- Nursing Diagnosis -- What is a nursing diagnosis? -- Establishing relevant nursing diagnoses -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: The Patient Matters -- The Patient -- Family and Carers -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Multidisciplinary Management -- Introduction -- Staffing -- The physician -- The nurse -- Speech and Language Therapy Services -- Chapter 6: Physiotherapy -- Introduction -- Respiratory Care -- Positioning -- Musculoskeletal Integrity and Neuromuscular Status -- Summary -- Rehabilitation and Motor Control Theories -- Posture and Seating -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Neuropsychology -- Introduction -- What Is Clinical Neuropsychology? -- Who Is a Clinical Neuropsychologist? -- What Is the Role of the Clinical Neuropsychologist in the Management of TBI? -- Neuropsychological Functions -- Attention and information processing -- Memory and learning -- Language -- Verbal skills -- Perceptual and constructional skills -- Executive functions -- Neurobehavioural changes -- Emotional changes -- The Patient's Neuropsychological Journey -- Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) -- After PTA -- Long-term neuropsychological changes -- Additional Factors Influencing Neuropsychological Functioning -- Medication.

Seizures -- Insomnia -- Emotional states -- Other issues and Considerations -- Cognition and mental capacity -- Multidisciplinary team working -- The family -- Chapter 8: Social Considerations -- The Role of the Social Worker -- Social Issues -- Personalisation and safeguarding: twin pillars of contemporary social support -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Occupational Therapy -- Section 2: Pre-requisite Knowledge -- Introduction -- Chapter 10: Epidemiology -- Introduction -- Severity of Injury -- Hospital Attendance -- Incidence -- Prevalence of Head Injury -- Age Distribution -- Gender Distribution -- Race and Ethnicity -- Mechanism of Injury -- Seasonal Variation -- Predisposition -- Use of Alcohol -- Head Injury Mortality -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11: Prevention of Head Injuries -- Introduction -- Recommendations -- Road traffic Accidents (RTAs) -- Alcohol consumption -- Speed limits -- Car design -- Road design -- Action regarding the use of prescription, over the counter and illicit drugs -- Prevention of Sports Injuries -- Care of Older People -- Interpersonal Violence -- Conclusion -- Chapter 12: Applied Anatomy and Physiology -- Introduction -- The Nervous System -- The Scalp -- Blood supply to the scalp -- Venous drainage -- The Skull -- Anterior aspect of the skull -- Superior aspect of the skull -- Sutures of the skull -- Posterior aspect of the skull -- Lateral aspect of the skull -- Base of the skull -- Anterior section -- Middle section -- Posterior section -- The cranium -- Structure of the Brain -- The forebrain -- Midbrain -- Blood supply to the brain -- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -- Intracranial pressure (ICP) -- The motor pathways -- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) -- Additional Concepts Related to Neurophysiology -- Neuroplasticity -- What is neuroplasticity? -- Neuroplasticity and learning -- Acid-Base Balance -- Introduction.

Definition -- Ways of maintaining acid-base balance -- Summary -- Conclusion -- Chapter 13: Investigations -- Chapter 14: Pharmacology for Neurotrauma Patients -- Introduction -- Special groups -- Anaesthetic Agents -- Analgesics -- Diuretics -- ANTI-EPILEPTIC Drugs -- Anticoagulants -- Anti-emetics -- Laxatives -- Conclusion -- Chapter 15: Applied Microbiology -- Introduction -- Meningitis -- Definition -- Predisposing factors -- Causes of meningitis -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features of meningitis -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Relevant nursing diagnoses -- Complications -- Prognosis/outcome -- Encephalitis -- Definition -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features of encephalitis -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Complications -- Brain Abscess -- Introduction -- Definition -- Classification -- Causes of brain abscess -- Pathophysiology -- Clinical features of brain abscess -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Complications -- Prognosis/outcome -- Conclusion -- Section 3: Features of neurotrauma -- Introduction -- Chapter 16: Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury -- Introduction -- Primary and secondary brain injury -- Primary injury -- Secondary brain injury -- Open and closed head injury -- Open head injury -- Closed head injury -- Severity of injury -- Conclusion -- Chapter 17: Raised Intracranial Pressure -- Introduction -- Definition -- Cause of increased intracranial pressure -- Diagnosis -- Supratentorial lesions -- Infratentorial lesions -- Investigations -- Treatment -- Management of the patient -- Conclusion -- Chapter 18: Assessment of the Patient with Neurotrauma -- Introduction -- General principles -- Purpose of an assessment -- Pre-requisites for effective assessment -- Alcohol and assessment -- The frequency of neurological assessment -- Performing the assessment -- Neurological observations.

Assessing the level of consciousness -- History -- Examination -- Convulsions, seizures and fits -- Vital signs -- Respiration -- Blood pressure -- Pulse rate -- Haemodynamic status -- Temperature -- Recording the observations -- Patient deterioration -- Undertaking a comprehensive CNS examination -- General assessment -- General cerebral function -- Specific cerebral functions -- Recording the assessment -- Conclusion -- Section 4: Management of Neurotrauma -- Introduction -- Chapter 19: Management of Neurotrauma at the Scene -- Introduction -- Severe and Moderate Head Injury -- Airway with Cervical Spine Protection -- Breathing -- Circulation -- Disability -- Exposure and Environment -- 'Stop and stabilise' versus 'load and go' -- Where to take the patient? -- Advanced warning for the hospital -- The handover -- Minor Head Injury -- Chapter 20: Management of Neurotrauma on Transfer -- Introduction -- Airway with Cervical Spine Protection -- Breathing -- Circulation -- Disability -- Exposure -- Other -- Who should Accompany the Patient? -- If a patient is being transferred to another hospital such as the regional neurosurgical unit -- Chapter 21: Management of Neurotrauma in the Emergency Department -- Introduction -- Preparing for the Arrival of a Seriously Injured Patient -- Severe and Moderate Head Injury -- Primary survey -- Secondary survey -- Further monitoring -- Definitive management of the severe head injury -- Non-surgical management of severe head injury -- Minor Head Injury -- Intracranial haematoma -- Admission -- Discharge from the ED -- Management of Patients Who Are Admitted for Observation -- Social Aspects -- Chapter 22: Hospital Management of Neurotrauma -- Introduction -- Initial Assessment of Trauma Patients -- Patient stabilisation -- Management in the Neuroscience Unit -- Surgical treatment -- Intensive Care Management.

Airway and breathing -- Circulation -- Intracranial pressure control -- Control of blood flow -- Control of CSF -- Control of brain swelling -- Other aspects -- Further Management and Prognosis -- Chapter 23: Nursing the Patient with Neurotrauma -- Introduction -- Advocate -- Essential Nursing Skills -- Therapeutic Practice -- Co-ordination -- Clinical Governance -- Advice/counselling -- Political Awareness -- Education -- Research -- Ethical Considerations -- Rehabilitation Nursing -- Activities -- Chapter 24: Prognosis and Patient Outcome -- Introduction -- Factors Predicting Prognosis after Head Injury -- Outcome Measures -- Return to Work -- Quality of Everyday Life -- Conclusion -- Chapter 25: Dying and Death -- Introduction -- The Family -- Brain Death -- Definition -- Background -- Assessment of brain death -- Pre-requisites to confirming brain death -- Conclusion -- Activities -- Section 5: Neurorehabilitation -- Introduction -- Chapter 26: Sequelae of Neurotrauma -- Introduction -- Additional Information about Some Sequelae -- Cushing's ulcer -- Risk factors for stress ulcers -- Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) -- Post-traumatic hypopituitarism -- Heterotopic ossification (Das-Gupta and Turner-Stokes ) -- Sexual health -- CONCLUSION -- Chapter 27: Neurorehabilitation -- Introduction -- Definition of Rehabilitation -- Levels of Rehabilitation -- Settings for Rehabilitation -- Rehabilitation Costs -- Rehabilitation resources -- Staffing for Rehabilitation -- Nurse staffing -- Standards of Rehabilitation Practice -- Rehabilitation Criteria -- The Rehabilitation Process -- Goals of Rehabilitation -- Concepts Underpinning Rehabilitation -- Planning the Rehabilitation Programme Content -- Scheduling the Programme -- Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) -- Developing a community-based rehabilitation programme -- Purpose of CBR -- Assessment -- Goals.

Planning.