Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface -- To the Reader -- Part I THE BASICS -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- Just the Facts, Ma'am -- EARTH: BULK PARAMETERS (NASA 2010) -- EARTH: ORBITAL PARAMETERS -- EARTH: MEAN ORBITAL ELEMENTS (J2000) -- NORTH POLE OF ROTATION -- TERRESTRIAL MAGNETOSPHERE -- TERRESTRIAL ATMOSPHERE -- Measurements and Units -- UNITS OF MEASUREMENT -- CONVERSION FACTORS -- The Scientific Method -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 2 Basic Math Operations -- Basic Math Terminology and Definitions -- KEY WORDS FOR MATH OPERATIONS -- Sequence of Operations -- Sequence of Operations -- RULES -- EXAMPLES -- Percent -- Significant Digits -- Powers and Exponents -- Averages (Arithmetic Mean) -- Solving for the Unknown -- AXIOMS -- Ratio -- Dimensional Analysis -- Mass -- SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND DENSITY -- Flow -- Horsepower and Work -- Area, Volume, and Density -- PERIMETER -- CIRCUMFERENCE -- AREA -- AREA OF A CIRCLE -- AREA OF A CIRCULAR OR CYLINDRICAL TANK -- VOLUME -- VOLUME OF A CIRCULAR OR CYLINDRICAL TANK -- Force, Pressure, and Head -- CHAPTER 3 Force and Motion -- Position -- Speed and Velocity -- Acceleration -- THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY -- Force -- Newton's Laws of Motion -- NEWTON'S FIRST LAW -- NEWTON'S SECOND LAW -- NEWTON'S THIRD LAW -- CHAPTER 4 Work, Energy, and Momentum -- Work -- Energy -- POTENTIAL ENERGY -- KINETIC ENERGY -- Momentum -- CHAPTER 5 Circular Motion and Gravity -- Angular Motion -- Angular Velocity -- Angular Acceleration -- Torque -- Angular Momentum -- Gravity -- CHAPTER 6 Thermal Properties and States of Matter -- Thermal Properties -- Specific Heat -- States of Matter -- The Gas Laws -- Liquids and Solutions -- Part II EARTH'S BREATH -- CHAPTER 7 The Atmosphere -- Earth's Overhanging Roof -- The Troposphere -- The Stratosphere -- "Revolutionary" Science.

Components of Atmospheric Air: Characteristics and Properties -- ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN -- Nitrogen: Physical Properties -- Nitrogen: Uses -- Nitrogen Oxides -- ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN -- Oxygen: Physical Properties -- Oxygen: Uses -- Ozone: Just Another Form of Oxygen -- ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE -- Carbon Dioxide: Physical Properties -- Carbon Dioxide: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC ARGON -- Argon: Physical Properties -- Argon: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC NEON -- Neon: Physical Properties -- Neon: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC HELIUM -- Helium: Physical Properties -- ATMOSPHERIC KRYPTON -- Krypton: Physical Properties -- Krypton: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC XENON -- Xenon: Physical Properties -- Xenon: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC HYDROGEN -- Hydrogen: Physical Properties -- Hydrogen: Uses -- ATMOSPHERIC WATER -- ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 8 Moisture in the Atmosphere -- Cloud Formation -- Major Cloud Types -- STRATIFORM GENERA SPECIES -- CUMULIFORM GENERA SPECIES -- Precipitation and Evaporation -- Precipitation -- COALESCENCE -- BERGERON PROCESS -- Types of Precipitation -- CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION -- OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION -- FRONTAL PRECIPITATION -- Evapotranspiration -- EVAPORATION -- TRANSPIRATION -- EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: THE PROCESS -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 9 Atmosphere in Motion -- Global Air Movement -- WIND INTENSITY -- EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE IN MOTION -- CAUSES OF AIR MOTION -- LOCAL AND WORLD AIR CIRCULATION -- Wind Farms -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 10 Meteorology: The Science of Weather -- The Sun: The Weather Generator -- Air Masses -- Thermal Inversions and Air Pollution -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 11 Climate Change -- Setting the Stage -- The Past -- A TIME OF ICE -- WARM WINTER -- WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW ABOUT GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE.

WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING -- Greenhouse Effect -- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming -- Factors Involved with Global Warming and Cooling -- References and Recommended Reading -- Part III EARTH'S GEOSPHERE (LITHOSPHERE) -- CHAPTER 12 Earth's Structure -- What Is Geology? -- Scientific Principles and Geology -- Geology: Major Divisions -- PHYSICAL GEOLOGY -- HISTORICAL GEOLOGY -- Earth's Geological Processes -- HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE -- ROCK CYCLE -- Planet Earth -- Principal Divisions of the Earth -- THE ATMOSPHERE -- THE HYDROSPHERE -- THE LITHOSPHERE -- THE BIOSPHERE -- Key Terms -- Earth's Skeleton -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 13 Minerals -- Matter -- DEFINING MATTER -- Physical Properties -- DENSITY -- SPECIFIC GRAVITY -- HARDNESS -- STREAK -- COLOR -- LUSTER -- MALLEABILITY -- DUCTILITY -- CONDUCTIVITY -- BOILING POINT -- MELTING/FREEZING POINT -- Chemical Properties -- KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER -- Crystal Structure -- Rock-Forming Minerals -- Metallic Minerals -- Radioactive Minerals -- Nonmetallic Minerals -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 14 Igneous Rocks and Magma Eruption -- Magma -- Intrusive Rocks -- Extrusive Rocks -- Bowen's Reaction Series -- THE DISCONTINUOUS REACTION SERIES -- THE CONTINUOUS REACTION SERIES -- Eruption of Magma -- TYPES OF VOLCANOES -- TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS -- Lava Flow Terminology (U.S. Geological Survey, 2000) -- Intrusions -- CONCORDANT INTRUSIONS -- DISCORDANT INTRUSIONS -- Volcanic Landforms -- Thermal Areas -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 15 Sedimentary Rocks -- Types of Sedimentary Rocks -- CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS -- United States: Coal-Shale Deposits -- GREEN RIVER FORMATION -- Geology -- Historical Developments -- Shale-Oil Resources -- Other Mineral Resources -- EASTERN DEVONIAN-MISSISSIPPIAN OIL SHALE -- Depositional Environment.

Resources -- Chemical Sedimentary Rocks -- CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS -- CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: INORGANIC PROCESSES -- Physical Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks -- Sedimentary Rock Facies -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 16 Metamorphism and Deformation -- Metamorphism: Source of Heat and Pressure -- Types of Metamorphism -- Major Metamorphic Rock Types -- Metamorphic Facies -- Deformation of Rock -- TYPES OF DEFORMATION -- DEFORMATION IN PROGRESS -- GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF FORMER DEFORMATION -- TYPES OF FAULTS -- MOVEMENTS ON FAULTS -- Folding of Rocks -- CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDS -- Deformation of the Crust: Mountain Building -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 17 Weathering -- Factors That Influence Weathering -- Categories of Weathering Processes -- PHYSICAL WEATHERING -- CHEMICAL WEATHERING -- The Persistent Hand of Water -- Types of Chemical Weathering Reactions -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 18 Wind Erosion, Mass Wasting, and Desertification -- Wind Erosion -- Wind Sediment Transport -- Wind-Driven Erosion -- DEFLATION -- ABRASION -- Wind Deposition -- DUNES -- LOESS -- Mass Wasting -- GRAVITY -- WATER -- FREEZING AND THAWING -- UNDERCUTTING -- ORGANIC ACTIVITIES -- SHOCK WAVES OR VIBRATIONS -- KINDS OF MASS MOVEMENTS -- Rapid Movements -- Slow Movements -- DESERTIFICATION -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 19 Glaciation -- Glaciers -- TYPES OF GLACIERS -- GLACIER CHARACTERISTICS -- Glaciation -- GLACIAL EROSION -- GLACIAL DEPOSITS -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 20 Earthquakes -- What Causes Earthquakes? -- Seismology -- Seismic Waves -- Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity -- EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE -- EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY -- Internal Structure of Earth -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 21 Plate Tectonics -- Crustal Plates -- Plate Boundaries.

CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES -- DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES -- TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES -- References & Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 22 Historical Geology -- Stratigraphy -- Stratigraphic Laws -- ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY -- LATERAL CONTINUITY -- SUPERPOSITION -- CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONS -- LAW OF INCLUSIONS -- LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION -- STRUCTURAL BREAKS IN THE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD -- Relative versus Absolute Time -- RELATIVE TIME: THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN -- ABSOLUTE TIME: RADIOMETRIC TIME SCALE -- References and Recommended Reading -- Part IV HYDROSPHERE -- CHAPTER 23 Earth's Blood -- Setting the Stage -- STILL WATER -- Earth's Blood is Life's Blood -- Historical Perspective -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 24 All about Water -- How Special, Strange, and Different Is Water? -- Characteristics of Water -- INFLAMMABLE AIR + VITAL AIR = WATER -- JUST TWO H'S AND ONE O -- SOMEWHERE BETWEEN 0° AND 105° -- Water's Physical Properties -- Capillary Action -- The Water Cycle -- SPECIFIC WATER MOVEMENTS -- Q and Q Factors -- Watershed Protection -- MULTIPLE-BARRIER CONCEPT -- Potable Water Source -- POTABLE WATER -- KEY DEFINITIONS -- Surface Water -- LOCATION! LOCATION! LOCATION! -- HOW READILY AVAILABLE IS POTABLE WATER? -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE WATER -- Groundwater Supply -- GROUNDWATER -- GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- Groundwater under the Direct Influence of Surface Water -- Water Use -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 25 Stream Systems -- Stream Genesis and Structure -- Streams -- Key Terms -- Characteristics of Stream Channels -- STREAM PROFILES -- SINUOSITY -- BARS, RIFFLES, AND POOLS -- FLOODPLAIN -- Water Flow in a Stream -- Stream Water Discharge -- Transport of Material (Load) -- References and Recommended Reading -- CHAPTER 26 Lakes -- Lentic Habitat -- Classification of Lakes.

CLASSIFICATION OF LAKES BASED ON EUTROPHICATION.