Security Aspects of Uni- and Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Systems -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part One: Introductory Section -- 1: Editorial Introduction -- 1.1 History, Importance, and Economic Aspects of Hazmat Transportation -- 1.2 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Unimodal Perspectives -- 1.3 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Multimodal Perspectives -- 1.4 Security of Hazmat Transportation: International Policies and Practices -- Bibliography -- 2: History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 History of Hazmat-Transportation Research -- 2.3 Importance of Research on Hazmat Transportation and Associated Risks -- 2.4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 3: Economic Issues in Hazmat Transportation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Hazmat Transportation in the United States and in the European Union -- 3.3 Models of Hazmat Transport -- 3.3.1 Risk Assessment in Hazmat Transport -- 3.3.2 Routing/Scheduling and Hazmat Transport -- 3.3.3 Allocation Problem in Hazmat Transport -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- Part Two: Security of Hazmat Transports: Unimodal Perspectives -- 4: Security of Hazmat Transports by Road -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Hazmat Truck Types -- 4.3 Security-Sensitive Materials -- 4.4 Carrier Responsibility -- 4.4.1 General Security Issues -- 4.4.1.1 Risk Assessment -- 4.4.1.2 Attack Profiles -- 4.4.1.3 Planning an Attack -- 4.4.1.4 Training -- 4.4.2 Personnel Security -- 4.4.3 Unauthorized Access -- 4.4.4 En Route Security -- 4.4.4.1 Driver Responsibilities -- 4.4.4.2 Technology Solutions -- 4.4.4.3 Motor-Carrier Enforcement -- 4.5 Shipper and Consignee Responsibility -- 4.6 Motor-Carrier Enforcement -- 4.7 Law Enforcement and Emergency Response -- 4.8 Community Vigilance -- 4.9 Security-Related Events -- 4.10 Conclusions -- Bibliography.

5: Security Aspects of Hazmat Transport Using Railroad -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Railroad Transportation System -- 5.3 Risk Assessment -- 5.3.1 Probability of Attack -- 5.3.2 Consequence -- 5.3.2.1 Probability of Targeting Hazmat Railcars -- 5.3.2.2 Hazmat Volume -- 5.3.3 Route Risk -- 5.4 Risk Management -- 5.4.1 Steps Taken -- 5.4.1.1 Information Sharing and Coordination -- 5.4.1.2 Policing and Surveillance -- 5.4.1.3 Routing of Hazmat -- 5.4.2 Further Measures -- 5.4.2.1 Interdiction Models -- 5.4.2.2 Tank-Car Design -- 5.4.2.3 Shipment Routing -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Bibliography -- 6: Security of Hazmat Transports by Inland Waterways -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Transport of Hazardous Materials by Inland Waterways - Current Legislation -- 6.3 Incidents on Inland Waterways -- 6.4 Security of Inland Waterways and Ports - Current Practices -- 6.5 Proposals for Security Improvements on Inland Waterways -- 6.6 Proposals for Improvements of Inland Ports' Security -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Consulted Web Sites -- 7: Security of Hazmat Transports by Pipeline -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Hazmat Pipeline Infrastructure Around the World -- 7.2 Security Risks to Hazmat Pipelines -- 7.2.1 Commodity Theft from Pipelines -- 7.2.2 Global Terrorist Attacks on Pipelines -- 7.2.3 Costs and Impacts of Pipeline Security Incidents -- 7.2.4 Responding to Pipeline Security Threats -- 7.3 US Pipeline Security after September 11, 2001 -- 7.3.1 Pipeline Operator Security Programs -- 7.3.2 Security Initiatives of the U.S. Department of Transportation -- 7.3.3 Transportation Security Administration and Pipeline Security -- 7.3.4 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission -- 7.4 Policy Issues in Hazmat Pipeline Security -- 7.4.1 Security Threat Information -- 7.4.2 Identifying Critical Pipeline Facilities.

7.4.3 International Cooperation in Pipeline Security -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Part Three: Security of Hazmat Transports: Multimodal Perspectives -- 8: Mulitmodal Transport: Historical Evolution and Logistics Framework -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Evolution of Multimodal Transport in the European Union, in the United States and in Asia -- 8.2.1 Multimodal Transport in the European Union -- 8.2.2 Multimodal Transport in the United States -- 8.2.3 Multimodal Transport in the ASEAN Countries -- 8.3 Problem Statement -- 8.4 The Standard Framework -- 8.5 Reconsidering the Case -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 9: Multimodal Analysis Framework for Hazmat Transports and Security -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Literature Review -- 9.2.1 Unintentional Incidents -- 9.2.2 Intentional Incidents -- 9.3 Refined Approach for the Calculation of Multimodal Hazmat-Transport Risk -- 9.3.1 Preliminary -- 9.3.2 Step 1: Determination of the Segmentation and Estimation of the Impact Distances -- 9.3.3 Step 2: Estimation of the General Probability of Occurrence of a Catastrophic Incident -- 9.3.4 Step 3: Estimation of the Local Probability of Occurrence -- 9.3.5 Practical Application and Visualization -- 9.3.6 Interpretation of the Results -- 9.4 Intended Incidents with Hazmat Transport -- 9.5 How to Include Security in the Modal Choice -- 9.5.1 Case Study -- 9.5.1.1 PROMETHEE -- 9.5.1.2 The Alternatives -- 9.5.1.3 The Weights: Valuation of the Critical Factors Influencing the Choice of Transportation -- 9.5.1.4 Multicriteria Analysis -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- 10: Metaheuristics for the Multimodal Optimization of Hazmat Transports -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metaheuristics -- 10.3 Characteristics of Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Optimization Problems and the Case for Using Metaheuristics -- 10.3.1 Multilevelness.

10.3.2 Multiobjectivity -- 10.4 Metaheuristics for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation -- 10.4.1 Metaheuristics for Multimodal Transportation -- 10.4.2 Metaheuristics for Hazmat Transportation -- 10.5 A Metaheuristic for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation -- 10.6 Conclusions and Research Opportunities -- Bibliography -- 11: Freight Security and Livability: US Toxic and Hazardous Events from 2000 to 2010 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Background -- 11.3 Data on Consequences -- 11.3.1 National Transportation Atlas Database 2010 -- 11.3.2 Hazardous Materials Information Reporting System (HMIRS) -- 11.3.3 Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) -- 11.3.4 Lexis-Nexis and Newspaper Reporting on Serious Spill Incidents -- 11.4 Consequences and Geography -- 11.5 Event Consequences -- 11.6 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Part Four: Security of Hazmat Transports: International Policies and Practices -- 12: Security of Hazmat Transports in Italy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Economic Significance of Hazmat Transport in Italy -- 12.2.1 Hazmat Transport by Road -- 12.2.2 Hazmat Transport by Rail -- 12.2.3 Hazmat Transport by Sea -- 12.3 The Italian Legal Framework on Hazmat Transport Security -- 12.4 Recent Italian Case Studies Related to Hazmat Transport Security -- 12.4.1 Detailed Description of the Most Recent Hazmat Transport Security-Related Events -- 12.5 Concluding Remarks -- Bibliography -- 13: Security of Hazmat Transports in The Netherlands from a Security Practitioner's Point of View -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Safety and Security -- 13.3 The Netherlands: a Risk-Prone Country with a Risk-Prone Infrastructure -- 13.4 The Dutch Transport Infrastructure as Risk Factor -- 13.5 Transport and Logistics in The Netherlands -- 13.6 Security Issues in Transport and Logistics -- 13.7 Terrorism -- 13.8 Transport and Logistics Crime -- 13.9 Safety First.

13.10 Partners in Security -- 13.11 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Internet Sources -- 14: Safeguarding Hazmat Shipments in the US: Policies and Challenges -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Intermodalism -- 14.3 The Pre-9/11 Situation -- 14.4 The Magnitude of the Problem -- 14.5 The Impact of 9/11 -- 14.6 The Rail Sector -- 14.6.1 Vulnerabilities -- 14.6.2 Solutions and Their Effectiveness -- 14.6.3 Emergency Planning and Response -- 14.6.4 The Federal Government and the Private Sector -- 14.7 Highways -- 14.7.1 Vulnerabilities and Policies -- 14.7.2 Administration and Coordination -- 14.7.3 Local Governments and the Private Sector -- 14.7.4 Minimizing Trucking Vulnerabilities -- 14.8 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Web Sites -- 15: Security of Hazmat Transports in Iran -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Overview of the Current Status -- 15.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran's Transportation System -- 15.4 Safety and Security Strategies -- 15.5 Discussion -- 15.6 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- 16: Conclusions and Recommendations -- 16.1 Unimodal and Multimodal Transportation Put into Perspective -- 16.2 A Country-Wise Comparative Study -- 16.3 A Look into the Future: Sustainable Multimodality -- Index.