Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Disorder or Uncertainty? -- Chapter 2 Classical Thermodynamics -- 2.1 The Classical Laws of Thermodynamics -- 2.2 Macroscopic State Variables and Thermodynamic Processes -- 2.3 Properties of the Ideal Classical Gas -- 2.4 Thermodynamic Processing of the Ideal Gas -- 2.5 Entropy of the Ideal Gas -- 2.6 Entropy Change in Free Expansion of an Ideal Gas -- 2.7 Entropy Change due to Nonquasistatic Heat Transfer -- 2.8 Cyclic Thermodynamic Processes, the Clausius Inequality and Carnot's Theorem -- 2.9 Generality of the Clausius Expression for Entropy Change -- 2.10 Entropy Change due to Nonquasistatic Work -- 2.11 Fundamental Relation of Thermodynamics -- 2.12 Entropy Change due to Nonquasistatic Particle Transfer -- 2.13 Entropy Change due to Nonquasistatic Volume Exchange -- 2.14 General Thermodynamic Driving -- 2.15 Reversible and Irreversible Processes -- 2.16 Statements of the Second Law -- 2.17 Classical Thermodynamics: the Salient Points -- Exercises -- Chapter 3 Applications of Classical Thermodynamics -- 3.1 Fluid Flow and Throttling Processes -- 3.2 Thermodynamic Potentials and Availability -- 3.2.1 Helmholtz Free Energy -- 3.2.2 Why Free Energy? -- 3.2.3 Contrast between Equilibria -- 3.2.4 Gibbs Free Energy -- 3.2.5 Grand Potential -- 3.3 Maxwell Relations -- 3.4 Nonideal Classical Gas -- 3.5 Relationship between Heat Capacities -- 3.6 General Expression for an Adiabat -- 3.7 Determination of Entropy from a Heat Capacity -- 3.8 Determination of Entropy from an Equation of State -- 3.9 Phase Transitions and Phase Diagrams -- 3.9.1 Conditions for Coexistence -- 3.9.2 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 3.9.3 The Maxwell Equal Areas Construction -- 3.9.4 Metastability and Nucleation -- 3.10 Work Processes without Volume Change.

3.11 Consequences of the Third Law -- 3.12 Limitations of Classical Thermodynamics -- Exercises -- Chapter 4 Core Ideas of Statistical Thermodynamics -- 4.1 The Nature of Probability -- 4.2 Dynamics of Complex Systems -- 4.2.1 The Principle of Equal a Priori Probabilities -- 4.2.2 Microstate Enumeration -- 4.3 Microstates and Macrostates -- 4.4 Boltzmann's Principle and the Second Law -- 4.5 Statistical Ensembles -- 4.6 Statistical Thermodynamics: the Salient Points -- Exercises -- Chapter 5 Statistical Thermodynamics of a System of Harmonic Oscillators -- 5.1 Microstate Enumeration -- 5.2 Microcanonical Ensemble -- 5.3 Canonical Ensemble -- 5.4 The Thermodynamic Limit -- 5.5 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -- 5.6 Generalisation -- Exercises -- Chapter 6 The Boltzmann Factor and the Canonical Partition Function -- 6.1 Simple Applications of the Boltzmann Factor -- 6.1.1 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution -- 6.1.2 Single Classical Oscillator and the Equipartition Theorem -- 6.1.3 Isothermal Atmosphere Model -- 6.1.4 Escape Problems and Reaction Rates -- 6.2 Mathematical Properties of the Canonical Partition Function -- 6.3 Two-Level Paramagnet -- 6.4 Single Quantum Oscillator -- 6.5 Heat Capacity of a Diatomic Molecular Gas -- 6.6 Einstein Model of the Heat Capacity of Solids -- 6.7 Vacancies in Crystals -- Exercises -- Chapter 7 The Grand Canonical Ensemble and Grand Partition Function -- 7.1 System of Harmonic Oscillators -- 7.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble for a General System -- 7.3 Vacancies in Crystals Revisited -- Exercises -- Chapter 8 Statistical Models of Entropy -- 8.1 Boltzmann Entropy -- 8.1.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.1.2 The Maximum Entropy Macrostate of Oscillator Spikiness -- 8.1.3 The Maximum Entropy Macrostate of Oscillator Populations.

8.1.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.2 Gibbs Entropy -- 8.2.1 Fundamental Relation of Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic Work -- 8.2.2 Relationship to Boltzmann Entropy -- 8.2.3 Third Law Revisited -- 8.3 Shannon Entropy -- 8.4 Fine and Coarse Grained Entropy -- 8.5 Entropy at the Nanoscale -- 8.6 Disorder and Uncertainty -- Exercises -- Chapter 9 Statistical Thermodynamics of the Classical Ideal Gas -- 9.1 Quantum Mechanics of a Particle in a Box -- 9.2 Densities of States -- 9.3 Partition Function of a One-Particle Gas -- 9.4 Distinguishable and Indistinguishable Particles -- 9.5 Partition Function of an N-Particle Gas -- 9.6 Thermal Properties and Consistency with Classical Thermodynamics -- 9.7 Condition for Classical Behaviour -- Exercises -- Chapter 10 Quantum Gases -- 10.1 Spin and Wavefunction Symmetry -- 10.2 Pauli Exclusion Principle -- 10.3 Phenomenology of Quantum Gases -- Exercises -- Chapter 11 Boson Gas -- 11.1 Grand Partition Function for Bosons in a Single Particle State -- 11.2 Bose-Einstein Statistics -- 11.3 Thermal Properties of a Boson Gas -- 11.4 Bose-Einstein Condensation -- 11.5 Cooper Pairs and Superconductivity -- Exercises -- Chapter 12 Fermion Gas -- 12.1 Grand Partition Function for Fermions in a Single Particle State -- 12.2 Fermi-Dirac Statistics -- 12.3 Thermal Properties of a Fermion Gas -- 12.4 Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics -- 12.5 The Degenerate Fermion Gas -- 12.6 Electron Gas in Metals -- 12.7 White Dwarfs and the Chandrasekhar Limit -- 12.8 Neutron Stars -- 12.9 Entropy of a Black Hole -- Exercises -- Chapter 13 Photon Gas -- 13.1 Electromagnetic Waves in a Box -- 13.2 Partition Function of the Electromagnetic Field -- 13.3 Thermal Properties of a Photon Gas -- 13.3.1 Planck Energy Spectrum of Black-Body Radiation -- 13.3.2 Photon Energy Density and Flux -- 13.3.3 Photon Pressure.

13.3.4 Photon Entropy -- 13.4 The Global Radiation Budget and Climate Change -- 13.5 Cosmic Background Radiation -- Exercises -- Chapter 14 Statistical Thermodynamics of Interacting Particles -- 14.1 Classical Phase Space -- 14.2 Virial Expansion -- 14.3 Harmonic Structures -- 14.3.1 Triatomic Molecule -- 14.3.2 Einstein Solid -- 14.3.3 Debye Solid -- Exercises -- Chapter 15 Thermodynamics away from Equilibrium -- 15.1 Nonequilibrium Classical Thermodynamics -- 15.1.1 Energy and Particle Currents and their Conjugate Thermodynamic Driving Forces -- 15.1.2 Entropy Production in Constrained and Evolving Systems -- 15.2 Nonequilibrium Statistical Thermodynamics -- 15.2.1 Probability Flow and the Principle of Equal a Priori Probabilities -- 15.2.2 The Dynamical Basis of the Principle of Entropy Maximisation -- Exercises -- Chapter 16 The Dynamics of Probability -- 16.1 The Discrete Random Walk -- 16.2 Master Equations -- 16.2.1 Solution to the Random Walk -- 16.2.2 Entropy Production during a Random Walk -- 16.3 The Continuous Random Walk and the Fokker-Planck Equation -- 16.3.1 Wiener Process -- 16.3.2 Entropy Production in the Wiener Process -- 16.4 Brownian Motion -- 16.5 Transition Probability Density for a Harmonic Oscillator -- Exercises -- Chapter 17 Fluctuation Relations -- 17.1 Forward and Backward Path Probabilities: a Criterion for Equilibrium -- 17.2 Time Asymmetry of Behaviour and a Definition of Entropy Production -- 17.3 The Relaxing Harmonic Oscillator -- 17.4 Entropy Production Arising from a Single Random Walk -- 17.5 Further Fluctuation Relations -- 17.6 The Fundamental Basis of the Second Law -- Exercises -- Chapter 18 Final Remarks -- Further Reading -- Index.