Japanese -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Dedication page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Romanization and text presentation -- Chapter 1. Overview -- 1. Language varieties -- 2. Genetic relationships with other languages -- 3. Historical periods and important changes in the language -- 4. Typological features of Japanese -- Chapter 2. Writing system -- 1. Early history -- 2. The current system -- 3. Kanji: Chinese characters -- 4. Kana -- Appendix A (Hiragana chart) -- Appendix B (Katakana chart) -- Chapter 3. Sounds -- 1. The inventory of sounds -- 1.1 Vowels -- 1.2 Consonants -- 1.2.1 Phonetic inventory -- 1.2.2 Phonemic analysis -- 1.2.3 Syllable-initial clusters -- 1.2.4 Special phonemes -- 2. Sound modification -- 2.1 High vowel devoicing -- 2.2 Sequential voicing ("Rendaku 濁") -- 3. Syllable, mora, and foot -- 4. Accent -- 5. Intonation -- Words -- 1. Vocabulary strata -- 2. Word classes -- 2.1 Major word classes -- 2.1.1 Nouns -- 2.1.2 Adjectives -- 2.1.3 Nominal adjectives -- 2.1.4 Verbs -- 2.2 Minor word classes -- 2.2.1 Adverbs -- 2.2.2 Conjunctions -- 2.2.3 Adnouns -- 2.2.4 Auxiliaries -- 2.2.5 Copula -- 2.2.6 Particles -- 2.2.7 Affixes -- 2.2.8 Interjections -- 3. Some notable word classes -- 3.1 Sound-symbolic words -- 3.2 Numerals and numeral-classifiers -- 3.2.1 Numerals -- 3.2.2 Numeral classifiers and numeric phrases -- Morphology -- 1. Morphology of the inflectional category -- 1.1 Verb morphology -- 1.1.1 Verb types -- 1.1.2 Onbin (sandhi) -- 1.1.3 Transitive-intransitive opposition -- 1.2 Adjective morphology -- 1.3 Copula morphology -- 1.4 Polite register inflection paradigms -- 2. Word-formation processes -- 2.1 Noun equivalents (Lexical nominalization) -- 2.2 Affixation -- 2.3 Compounding -- 2.4 Reduplication -- 2.5 Clipping and blending -- Chapter 6. Argument structures -- 1. Argument structure types.

1.1 Argument structures with stative predicates -- 1.2 Argument structures with dynamic predicates -- 1.3 Argument structure for the reportative verbs -- 2. Adjunct noun phrases -- 3. Syntactic roles and clausal structures -- 3.1 Subjects -- 3.2 Objects -- Tense and aspect -- 1. Tense -- 2. Aspect -- 2.1 Perfect (anterior) aspect: -ta -- 2.2 Perfective aspect -- 2.3 Imperfective aspect: Progressive and resultative -- 2.3.1 -te-iru -- 2.3.1.1 Canonical cases. The -te-iru construction shares great deal of similarities with the English be V-ing construction as the table below shows. -- 2.3.1.2. Extended uses. In the previous section, the unmarked meanings of the -te-iru form with different types of verbs were presented. However, marked, extended meanings may also emerge when a specific context is provided. This includes the ­resultative -- 2.3.2 -te-aru -- 2.3.3 Summary -- 2.4 Marked aspects -- 2.4.1 Completive aspect -- 2.4.1.1 [VerbINF]-owaru / oeru. The "completive" aspect is expressed by -owaru and -oeru following the infinitive form. These auxiliary verbs have derived from the main verbs, owaru (intransitive) and oeru (transitive), both of which mean 'finish, end.' C -- 2.4.1.2 -te-shimau. -- 2.4.2 Preparatory aspect: -te-oku -- 2.4.3 Exploratory aspect: -te-miru -- 2.4.4 Inceptive aspect: (INF) -hajimeru / -dasu -- 2.4.5 Inchoative aspect -- 2.4.5.1. (ni/-ku) naru. The "inchoative" aspect means a "change of state," or more specifically "the coming about of a state (without agentive intervention)" (Smith 1991: 35). The word naru is mainly used to code the inchoative aspect of adjectives (stati -- 2.4.5.2. -te-kuru and -te-iku. The auxiliary verbs in -te-kuru and -te-iku (or -te-ku with i deleted), which are derived from kuru 'come' and iku 'go,' respectively, also show the inchoative aspect. The original use of these expressions is directional (­C.

2.4.6 Summary -- Chapter 8. Grammatical constructions -- 1. Passive construction -- 1.1 Eventive passives -- 1.1.1 Direct passives: -(r)are- as a "voice converter" -- 1.1.2 Indirect passives: -(r)are- as a "valence increaser" -- 1.1.3 Psychological affect (Adversity) -- 1.2 Stative Passives: -(r)are- as a "stativizer" -- 2. Spontaneous constructions -- 3. Potential constructions -- 4. Causatives -- 4.1 Lexical causatives -- 4.2 Morphological causatives -- 4.2.1 Intransitive-based morphological causatives -- 4.2.2 Transitive-based morphological causatives -- 4.3 Periphrastic causatives -- 4.4 Causative-passives -- 5. Benefactives -- 5.1 Basic structure -- 5.2 "Malefactive" interpretation -- 5.3 Causative-benefactives and passive-benefactives -- 6. Reciprocals -- 6.1 Lexical reciprocals -- 6.2 Morphological reciprocals -- 6.3 Periphrastic reciprocals -- 7. Numeric phrases -- Chapter 9. Noun phrase structures -- 1. Genitive and associative phrases -- 2. Simple attributive phrases -- 3. Clausal noun modification -- 3.1 "Cased head" type (Relative clause) -- 3.2 "Adverbial head" type -- 3.3 "Relational head" type -- 3.4 "Content label head" type ("Appositive clause") -- 4. Some syntactic characteristics -- 4.1 The 'ga-no' conversion -- 4.2 Relative clause formation in English and Japanese -- Chapter 10. Quotation and complementation -- 1. Quotation: Quoted speech and thought -- 2. Complementation -- 2.1 The object complement -- 2.2 The subject complement -- 3. Internally headed relative clauses (IHRs) -- 4. Integrated adverbial clauses -- 5. Summary -- Information structure and the sentence form -- 1. The topic-comment structure -- 1.1 Identifiability, activation and discourse -- 1.2 The "eel" sentence -- 1.3 The "-wa -ga" sentence structure -- 2. The contrastive structure -- 3. The focus structure -- 3.1 Presupposition and assertion.

3.2 Obligatory focus interpretation -- 3.3 The cleft argument focus construction -- 4. The topic-less sentence -- 4.1 The exclamatory sentence -- 4.2 The presentational sentence -- 5. The mixed-type sentence -- Chapter 12. Clause combining -- 1. Conjoining -- 1.1 Coupling -- 1.2 Contrast -- 2. Adverbial subordination -- 2.1 Temporal clauses -- 2.1.1 "When" (General time) -- 2.1.2 "Before" -- 2.1.3 "After" -- 2.1.4 "While" -- 2.2 Conditionals -- 2.2.1 Reality conditionals -- 2.2.2 Unreality conditionals -- 2.2.3 Concessive conditionals -- 2.3 Cause/reason -- 2.4 Counter expectation -- 2.5 Purpose -- 2.6 Circumstantials -- 3. Clause chaining and continuity marking -- 4. The "open clausal structure" and discourse organization -- Chapter 13. Reference system in discourse -- 1. Personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and logophoric pronouns -- 2. Nominal ellipsis (zero anaphora) -- 3. Demonstratives as discourse deixis -- 3.1 Nominal reference -- 3.2 Discourse reference -- Chapter 14. Pragmatics -- 1. Subjectivity concerns -- 1.1 Internal state expressions -- 1.2 Deictic expressions -- 1.2.1 Demonstratives : The ko-so-a-do words -- 14.1.2.1.1 Spatial use. -- 1.2.1.2 Cognitive use. -- 14.1.2.1.3 Affective use. -- 1.2.2 Movement and transaction expressions -- 2. Modality expressions -- 2.1 Epistemic modality -- 2.1.1 Conjectural and inferential -- 2.1.2 Evidentials -- 2.1.3 Evaluative modality -- 3. Pragmatic particles -- 3.1 Markers of the "territory of information" -- 3.2 Markers of illocutionary act -- 3.3 Markers of unassimilated information -- 4. Conversation and language -- 4.1 Pragmatic particles and 'aizuchi' -- 4.2 Discourse markers and discourse connectives -- Chapter 15. Speech styles and registers -- 1. Personal indexical terms -- 2. Predicate forms -- 3. Direct vs. indirect dimensions -- 4. Honorifics -- 5. Gendered speech.

6. Speech register creation -- Chapter 16. Sample texts -- 1. Newspaper article -- 2. Folk tale -- 3. First person narrative ("Air Raid") -- 4. Conversation (1): "The Northridge earthquake" -- 5. Conversation (2): "Australia" -- Index.