Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Structure of Atoms -- 1.1 Atom Constituents -- 1.2 Structure, Identity, and Stability of Atoms -- 1.3 Chart of the Nuclides -- 1.4 Nuclear Models -- Problems - Chapter 1 -- 2 Atoms and Energy -- 2.1 Atom Measures -- 2.2 Energy Concepts for Atoms -- 2.2.1 Mass-energy -- 2.2.2 Binding Energy of Nuclei -- 2.3 Summary -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 2 -- 3 Radioactive Transformation -- 3.1 Processes of Radioactive Transformation -- 3.1.1 Transformation of Neutron-rich Radioactive Nuclei -- 3.1.2 Double Beta (ββ) Transformation -- 3.1.3 Transformation of Proton-rich Nuclei -- 3.1.4 Positron Emission -- 3.1.5 Average Energy of Negatron and Positron Emitters -- 3.1.6 Electron Capture (EC) -- 3.1.7 Radioactive Transformation of Heavy Nuclei by Alpha Particle Emission -- 3.1.8 Theory of Alpha Particle Transformation -- 3.1.9 Transuranic (TRU) Radionuclides -- 3.1.10 Gamma Emission -- 3.1.11 Internal Transition (Metastable or Isomeric States) -- 3.1.12 Internal Conversion -- 3.1.13 Multiple Modes of Radioactive Transformation -- 3.1.14 Transformation by Delayed Neutron Emission -- 3.1.15 Transformation by Spontaneous Fission -- 3.1.16 Proton Emission -- 3.2 Decay Schemes -- 3.3 Rate of Radioactive Transformation -- 3.3.1 Activity -- 3.3.2 Units of Radioactive Transformation -- 3.3.3 Mathematics of Radioactive Transformation -- 3.3.4 Half-Life -- 3.3.5 Mean Life -- 3.3.6 Effective Half-life -- 3.4 Radioactivity Calculations -- 3.4.1 Half-life Determination -- 3.5 Activity-mass Relationships -- 3.5.1 Specific Activity -- 3.6 Radioactive Series Transformation -- 3.6.1 Series Decay Calculations -- 3.6.2 Recursive Kinetics: the Bateman Equations -- 3.7 Radioactive Equilibrium -- 3.7.1 Secular Equilibrium -- 3.7.2 Transient Equilibrium -- 3.7.3 Radionuclide Generators.

3.8 Total Number of Transformations (Uses of τ and λff) -- 3.9 Discovery of the Neutrino -- Acknowledgments -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 3 -- 4 Interactions -- 4.1 Production of X-rays -- 4.2 Characteristic X-rays -- 4.2.1 X-rays and Atomic Structure -- 4.2.2 Auger Electrons -- 4.3 Nuclear Interactions -- 4.3.1 Cross-Section -- 4.3.2 Q-values for Nuclear Reactions -- 4.4 Alpha Particle Interactions -- 4.4.1 Alpha-Neutron Reactions -- 4.5 Transmutation by Protons and Deuterons -- 4.5.1 Proton-Alpha Particle (p,α) Reactions -- 4.5.2 Proton-Neutron (p,n) Reactions -- 4.5.3 Proton-Gamma (p, γ) Reactions -- 4.5.4 Proton-Deuteron Reactions -- 4.5.5 Deuteron-Alpha (d, α) Reactions -- 4.5.6 Deuteron-Proton (d,p) and Deuteron-Neutron (d,n) Reactions -- 4.6 Neutron Interactions -- 4.6.1 Radiative Capture (n, γ) Reactions -- 4.6.2 Charged Particle Emission (CPE) -- 4.6.3 Neutron-Proton (n,p) Reactions -- 4.6.4 Neutron-Neutron (n,2n) Reactions -- 4.7 Activation Product Calculations -- 4.7.1 Neutron Activation Product Calculations -- 4.7.2 Charged Particles Calculations -- 4.8 Medical Isotope Reactions -- 4.9 Transuranium Elements -- 4.10 Photon Interactions -- 4.10.1 Activation by Photons -- 4.11 Fission and Fusion Reactions -- 4.11.1 Fission -- 4.11.2 Fusion -- 4.12 Summary -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 4 -- 5 Nuclear Fission and its Products -- 5.1 Fission Energy -- 5.2 Physics of Sustained Nuclear Fission -- 5.3 Neutron Economy and Reactivity -- 5.4 Nuclear Power Reactors -- 5.4.1 Reactor Design: Basic Systems -- 5.5 Light Water Reactors (LWRs) -- 5.5.1 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) -- 5.5.2 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) -- 5.5.3 Inherent Safety Features of LWRs -- 5.5.4 Decay Heat in Power Reactors -- 5.5.5 Uranium Enrichment -- 5.6 Heavy Water Reactors (HWRs) -- 5.6.1 HWR Safety Systems -- 5.7 Breeder Reactors.

5.7.1 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) -- 5.8 Gas-cooled Reactors -- 5.8.1 High-temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) -- 5.9 Reactor Radioactivity -- 5.9.1 Fuel Cladding -- 5.9.2 Radioactive Products of Fission -- 5.9.3 Production of Individual Fission Products -- 5.9.4 Fission Products in Spent Fuel -- 5.9.5 Fission Product Poisons -- 5.10 Radioactivity in Reactors -- 5.10.1 Activation Products in Nuclear Reactors -- 5.10.2 Tritium Production in Reactors -- 5.10.3 Low-level Radioactive Waste -- 5.11 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 5 -- 6 Naturally Occurring Radiation and Radioactivity -- 6.1 Discovery and Interpretation -- 6.2 Background Radiation -- 6.3 Cosmic Radiation -- 6.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides -- 6.5 Naturally Radioacitve Series -- 6.5.1 Neptunium Series Radionuclides -- 6.6 Singly Occurring Primordial Radionuclides -- 6.7 Radioactive Ores and Byproducts -- 6.7.1 Resource Recovery -- 6.7.2 Uranium Ores -- 6.7.3 Water Treatment Sludge -- 6.7.4 Phosphate Industry Wastes -- 6.7.5 Elemental Phosphorus -- 6.7.6 Manhattan Project Wastes -- 6.7.7 Thorium Ores -- 6.8 Radioactivity Dating -- 6.8.1 Carbon Dating -- 6.8.2 Dating by Primordial Radionuclides -- 6.8.3 Potassium-Argon Dating -- 6.8.4 Ionium (230Th) Method -- 6.8.5 Lead-210 Dating -- 6.9 Radon and its Progeny -- 6.9.1 Radon Subseries -- 6.9.2 Working Level for Radon Progeny -- 6.9.3 Measurement of Radon -- 6.10 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 6 -- 7 Interactions of Radiation with Matter -- 7.1 Radiation Dose and Units -- 7.1.1 Radiation Absorbed Dose -- 7.1.2 Radiation Dose Equivalent -- 7.1.3 Radiation Exposure -- 7.2 Radiation Dose Calculations -- 7.2.1 Inverse Square Law -- 7.3 Interaction Processes -- 7.4 Interactions of Alpha Particles and Heavy Nuclei.

7.4.1 Recoil Nuclei and Fission Fragments -- 7.4.2 Range of Alpha Particles -- 7.5 Beta Particle Interactions and Dose -- 7.5.1 Energy Loss by Ionization -- 7.5.2 Energy Losses by Bremsstrahlung -- 7.5.3 Cerenkov Radiation -- 7.5.4 Attenuation of Beta Particles -- 7.5.5 Range Versus Energy of Beta Particles -- 7.5.6 Radiation Dose from Beta Particles -- 7.5.7 Beta Dose from Contaminated Surfaces -- 7.5.8 Beta Contamination on Skin or Clothing -- 7.5.9 Beta Dose from Hot Particles -- 7.6 Photon Interactions -- 7.6.1 Photoelectric Interactions -- 7.6.2 Compton Interactions -- 7.6.3 Pair Production -- 7.6.4 Photodisintegration -- 7.7 Photon Attenuation and Absorption -- 7.7.1 Attenuation (μ) and Energy Absorption (μEn) Coefficients -- 7.7.2 Effect of E and Z on Photon Attenuation/Absorption -- 7.7.3 Absorption Edges -- 7.8 Energy Transfer and Absorption by Photons -- 7.8.1 Electronic Equilibrium -- 7.8.2 Bragg-Gray Theory -- 7.9 Exposure/Dose Calculations -- 7.9.1 Point Sources -- 7.9.2 Gamma Ray Constant, Γ -- 7.9.3 Exposure and Absorbed Dose -- 7.9.4 Exposure, Kerma, and Absorbed Dose -- 7.10 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 7 -- 8 Radiation Shielding -- 8.1 Shielding of Alpha-Emitting Sources -- 8.2 Shielding of Beta-Emitting Sources -- 8.2.1 Attenuation of Beta Particles -- 8.2.2 Bremsstrahlung Effects for Beta Shielding -- 8.3 Shielding of Photon Sources -- 8.3.1 Shielding of Good Geometry Photon Sources -- 8.3.2 Half-Value and Tenth-Value Layers -- 8.3.3 Shielding of Poor Geometry Photon Sources -- 8.3.4 Use of Buildup Factors -- 8.3.5 Effect of Buildup on Shield Thickness -- 8.3.6 Mathematical Formulations of the Buildup Factor -- 8.4 Gamma Flux for Distributed Sources -- 8.4.1 Line Sources -- 8.4.2 Ring Sources -- 8.4.3 Disc and Planar Sources -- 8.4.4 Shield Designs for Area Sources.

8.4.5 Gamma Exposure from Thick Slabs -- 8.4.6 Volume Sources -- 8.4.7 Buildup Factors for Layered Absorbers -- 8.5 Shielding of Protons and Light Ions -- 8.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 8 -- 9 Internal Radiation Dose -- 9.1 Absorbed Dose in Tissue -- 9.2 Accumulated Dose -- 9.2.1 Internal Dose: Medical Uses -- Checkpoints -- 9.3 Factors In The Internal Dose Equation -- 9.3.1 The Dose Reciprocity Theorem -- 9.3.2 Deposition and Clearance Data -- 9.3.3 Multicompartment Retention -- 9.4 Radiation Dose from Radionuclide Intakes -- 9.4.1 Risk-Based Radiation Standards -- 9.4.2 Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE) -- 9.4.3 Biokinetic Models: Risk-Based Internal Dosimetry -- 9.4.4 Radiation Doses Due to Inhaled Radionuclides -- 9.4.5 Radiation Doses Due to Ingested Radionuclides -- 9.5 Operational Determinations of Internal Dose -- 9.5.1 Submersion Dose -- Checkpoints -- 9.6 Tritium: a Special Case -- 9.6.1 Bioassay of Tritium: a Special Case -- 9.7 Summary -- Other Suggested Sources -- Problems - Chapter 9 -- 10 Environmental Dispersion -- 10.1 Atmospheric Dispersion -- 10.1.1 Atmospheric Stability Effects on Dispersion -- 10.1.2 Atmospheric Stability Classes -- 10.1.3 Calculational Procedure: Uniform Stability Conditions -- 10.1.4 Distance xmax of Maximum Concentration (χmax) -- 10.1.5 Stack Effects -- Checkpoints -- 10.2 Nonuniform turbulence: Fumigation, Building Effects -- 10.2.1 Fumigation -- 10.2.2 Dispersion for an Elevated Receptor -- 10.2.3 Building Wake Effects: Mechanical Turbulence -- 10.2.4 Concentrations of Effluents in Building Wakes -- 10.2.5 Ground-level Area Sources -- 10.2.6 Effect of Mechanical Turbulence on Far-field Diffusion -- 10.3 Puff Releases -- 10.4 Sector-Averaged χ/Q Values -- 10.5 Deposition/Depletion: Guassian Plumes -- 10.5.1 Dry Deposition.

10.5.2 Air Concentration Due to Resuspension.