Advanced Oil Crop Biorefineries -- Contents -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Green Chemistry and the Biorefinery -- 1.2 The Biorefinery Concept -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Principles of Biorefineries -- 1.2.3 Building Blocks, Chemicals and Potential Screening -- 1.2.4 Biorefinery Systems -- 1.2.5 Two-platform Concept -- 1.2.6 Advanced Oil Crops Biorefineries -- 1.3 The Potential of Oil Crops in Europe -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 Vegetable Oil Production in the European Community (EU-27) -- 1.3.3 Commodity Oils -- 1.3.4 Speciality Vegetable Oils -- 1.3.5 Crop Growing Potential for Non-European Oils -- 1.4 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Farming and Harvesting -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Increasing Oil Yield -- 2.2.1 The Production of Oilseed Rape -- 2.2.2 Sunflower -- 2.3 Valorisation of Straw and Leaves through Green Technologies -- 2.3.1 Chemicals from Supercritical CO2 Extraction -- 2.3.2 Biomethane -- 2.3.3 Biomaterials from Thermocoupling -- References -- Website Sources -- CHAPTER 3 Primary Processing -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Pre-treatment Processes -- 3.2.1 Dehulling -- 3.2.2 Thermal Pre-treatment -- 3.2.3 Microwave and Radio Frequency -- 3.2.4 Pulsed Electric Field -- 3.2.5 Enzymatic Pre-treatment -- 3.3 Novel Oil Recovery Processes and Valorisation of Waste Streams -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Oil Extraction from Olives -- 3.3.3 Oil Extraction from Rapeseed -- 3.3.4 Oil Extraction from Sunflower Seeds -- 3.3.5 Pressing and Pressing-related Processes -- 3.3.6 Solvent Extraction -- 3.3.7 Residual Oil Recovery -- 3.3.8 Conclusions -- 3.4 Protein and Amino Acid Isolation -- 3.4.1 Protein Hydrolysis -- 3.4.2 Extraction Process of Peptides and Amino Acids -- 3.4.3 Conclusions -- 3.5 Production of Levulinic Acid from Straw -- 3.5.1 Introduction.

3.5.2 A Short Survey on the Development of Levulinic Acid Chemistry -- 3.5.3 Levulinic Acid Production -- 3.5.4 Levulinic Acid from Hexoses via Formation of Fructose and 5-BHF -- 3.5.5 The Bofine Demonstration Plants and Outlook on Future Industrial Scale Facilities -- 3.5.6 Technology Draft for a Low-temperature Conversion Process of LCF to Levulinic Acid -- 3.5.7 Outlook -- 3.6 Integrated Biorefinery -- 3.6.1 Dehulling -- 3.6.2 Cold Pressing -- 3.6.3 Improvement of Meal Quality by Significant Reduction of Hexane Retention in Marcs -- 3.6.4 Supercritical CO2 Extraction -- 3.6.5 Gas-assisted Oil Pressing -- 3.6.6 Use of Alcohols as an Alternative for Hexane -- 3.6.7 Simultaneous Extraction and Transesterification -- 3.6.8 Isolation of Oil Bodies (Oleosomes) Table 3.19 -- 3.6.9 Water Extraction -- 3.6.10 Anaerobic Digestion of Residues -- 3.6.11 Recovery of Gums from Water Degumming -- 3.6.12 Integrated Scheme Biorefinery -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Secondary Processing of Plant Oils -- 4.1 Applications of Glycerol -- 4.1.1 Existing and Novel Glycerol Purification Technologies -- 4.1.2 Transformation of Glycerol into High-quality Products through Green Chemistry and Biotechnology -- 4.2 Novel Routes to Biodiesel Incorporating Glycerol into Their Composition -- 4.2.1 Novel Biofuels Integrating Glycerol into Their Composition -- 4.2.2 Processing of Oils and Fats in the Actual Oil Refining Plants -- 4.2.3 Second-generation Technologies for the Production of Biodiesel-like Fuels -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Assessment of Economic and Environmental Cost-benefits of Developed Biorefinery Schemes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Simulation Software -- 5.2.2 Optimisation Methods -- 5.2.3 Life Cycle Analysis -- 5.2.4 Multi-objective Optimisation -- 5.2.5 Biorefinery Schemes -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Economic Optimisation.

5.3.2 Environmental and Multi-objective Optimisation -- 5.3.3 Holistic Comparisons of Process Options -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Modelling Stakeholders' Interplay and Policy Scenarios for Biorefinery Implementation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Micro-economic Approach to Policy Modelling for Biorefineries -- 6.2.1 The Theoretical Framework -- 6.2.2 A Three-steps Methodology -- 6.2.3 Wrapping-Up - an Application of the Proposed Protocol of Analysis -- 6.3 The Macro-economic Approach: a CGE Model with the Inclusion of Biorefineries in the Production Process -- 6.3.1 Application of CGE Models to Biofuels -- 6.3.2 A Theoretical CGE Model for a Bio-based Economy -- 6.3.3 Summing Up -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.