Biological Interactions with Surface Charge in Biomaterials -- Contents -- Part I Electrostatic Charge on Biomaterials' Surfaces -- CHAPTER 1 Electrical Modifications of Biomaterials' Surfaces: Beyond Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Biomaterials' Surfaces and their Modifications -- 1.3 Electrical Modifications of Biomaterials' Surfaces -- 1.4 Effects of Electrical Modifications: Beyond Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Photocatalytic Effects in Doped and Undoped Titania -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Surface Charge Generation and Photocatalysis in Nanoscale Titania -- 2.3 The Shift in Photocatalytic Band Gap: Rare Earth-Doped Titania -- 2.4 Probing Photocatalysis -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Surface Charge Measurements on Biomaterials in Dry and Wet Conditions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Charge Measurement Principle -- 3.3 Scanning Probe Methods of Surface Charge Measurements -- 3.3.1 Principles of EFM: Two-Pass Techniques -- 3.3.2 KPFM -- 3.4 TSDC Technique -- 3.5 Principles and Applications of Streaming Potential Measurements -- 3.6 Principles and Applications of the Kelvin Probe Method to Biomaterals' Surfaces -- 3.6.1 Principles, Benefits and Disadvantages of the Kelvin Probe Technique -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Non-linear Characterizations of Surface Charge and Interfacial Morphology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Corona Charging of Biomaterials -- 4.2.1 Nature of Coronas -- 4.2.2 Experimental Apparatus -- 4.2.3 Technique of Corona Charging -- 4.3 LIMM -- 4.3.1 Principle and Experimental Implementation of LIMM -- 4.3.2 Analysis of LIMM Data -- 4.4 Applications of Corona Charging and LIMM -- 4.4.1 Space Charge in PU and Pyroelectric Coefficient in P(VDF-TrFE) Copolymer.

4.4.2 Effects of Corona Polarity and Charging Time on Space Charge in PU -- 4.4.3 Stability of Space Charge in PU -- 4.5 Interfacial Effects Investigated by LSM -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Surface and Interfacial Effects Investigated by Higher Harmonic Generation Imaging in LSM -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Protein Interactions at the Surface -- CHAPTER 5 Immobilization of Enzymes on Porous Surfaces -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Factors Influencing Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.2.1 Size of Enzymes and Pores -- 5.2.2 Isoelectric Points of Enzyme, Support and pH -- 5.2.3 Surface Functional Groups of Porous Supports and Proteins -- 5.3 Porous Materials Used for Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.4 Immobilization on Porous Support -- 5.5 Current Methods for Enzyme Immobilization -- 5.6 Characterization of Immobilized Enzymes -- 5.7 Applications -- 5.7.1 Biocatalysis -- 5.7.2 Drug Delivery -- 5.7.3 Biosensors -- 5.8 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Fibrous Proteins Interactions with Modified Surfaces of Biomaterials -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Collagen Structure and Properties -- 6.3 Interaction of Monomeric Collagen at Surfaces -- 6.4 Immobilization Strategies for Fibrillar Collagen -- 6.5 Applications of Other Fibrous Proteins -- 6.6 Towards aECMs -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Antibody Immobilization on Solid Surfaces: Methods and Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Antibodies and Antibody-Derived Fragments Used in Immunoassays -- 7.2.1 Overview of Antibody Structure -- 7.2.2 Antigen-Binding Antibody Fragments -- 7.2.3 Recombinant Protein Expression Systems -- 7.2.4 Advantages of Recombinant Protein Expression -- 7.2.5 Use of Antibody Fragments in Immobilization -- 7.3 Methods of Antibody Immobilization -- 7.3.1 Adsorption -- 7.3.2 Antibody-Binding Proteins -- 7.3.3 Covalent Attachment -- 7.3.4 Recombinant Tags.

7.4 Applications of Immobilized Antibodies -- 7.4.1 Immunoassay Techniques -- 7.4.2 Immunosensors -- 7.4.3 Affinity Chromatography -- 7.4.4 Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine -- 7.4.5 Antibody Microarrays -- 7.4.6 Other Applications -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Cellular Interactions with Abiotic Surfaces -- CHAPTER 8 Interactions of Bone-forming Cells with Electrostatic Charge at Biomaterials' Surfaces -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cell Adhesion -- 8.3 Cell Proliferation -- 8.4 Cell Differentiation -- 8.5 Impact of Charged Surfaces on Cell Behaviour In Vitro and In Vivo -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Interactions of Biofilm-forming Bacteria with Abiotic Surfaces -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biofilms in Bacterial Development -- 9.2.1 Adhesion -- 9.2.2 Proliferation of the Colonizers and Maturation of the Biofilm -- 9.2.3 Dissemination -- 9.3 The Thermodynamics of Bacterial Adhesion -- 9.3.1 Extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) Theory -- 9.3.2 Origins of Cellular Surface Charge -- 9.4 Bacterial Surface Determinants of Bacterial Adhesion/Biofilm Formation -- 9.4.1 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -- 9.4.2 Peptidoglycan Layer and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) -- 9.4.4 Surface Layer (S-Layer) -- 9.4.5 Polysaccharide Structures of Bacterial Envelope -- 9.4.6 Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) -- 9.4.7 Bacterial Appendages: Flagella, Fimbriae and Curli -- 9.5 Electric Properties of Abiotic Surfaces that Influence Bacterial Adhesion -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Endothelial Cells and Smooth Muscle Cells: Interactions at Biomaterials' Surfaces -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Central Role of ECs in Vascular Biology -- 10.3 Endothelial Cell Culture as a Model for Vascular Function Studies -- 10.3.1 Endothelial Cell Culture Models -- 10.3.2 Endothelial Interactions with ECM Proteins -- 10.3.3 Fluid Shear Stress.

10.4 Molecular Basis of Restenosis -- 10.4.1 Stent-induced Inflammatory Response -- 10.4.2 SMC Proliferation -- 10.4.3 Vascular Repair after Stent Implantation: Role of Re-endothelialization -- 10.5 Endothelial Cell Culture on Different Vascular Prosthetic Surfaces -- 10.6 SMC Interactions on Different Vascular Prosthetic Surfaces -- 10.7 Interactions of ECs with SMCs -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 11 Interactions of Bacteria and Fungi at the Surface -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Clinical Pathogens and Medical Device-related Infections -- 11.3 Microbial Adhesion -- 11.4 Interactions of Bacteria and Fungi with Charged Surfaces -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Immunological Response of Electrostatic Charge at the Surface of Biomaterials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 ECs as an Active Component of Innate Immune Response -- 12.2.1 Mediators Involved in the Regulation of Immune and Inflammatory Responses Secreted by ECs -- 12.2.2 Mediators Involved in Activation of ECs -- 12.3 EC Adhesion Molecules Involved in Inflammation -- 12.3.1 EC Adhesion Molecules -- 12.3.2 Interactions of EC Adhesion Molecules with Biomaterials -- 12.4 Leukocyte-derived Cells in Innate Immune Response to Prosthetic Surfaces -- 12.4.1 Role of Platelets in Innate Immune Response to Biomaterials' Surfaces -- 12.4.2 Neutrophils in Inflammation and Restenosis -- 12.5 Monocyte/Macrophage Interactions in the Immunological Response to Biomaterials' Surfaces -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Applications -- CHAPTER 13 Community- and Hospital-acquired Staphylococcal Infections -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Staphylococcal Infections -- 13.2.1 Soft Tissue Infections -- 13.2.2 Deep-seated Infection -- 13.2.3 Localized Infections -- 13.2.4 Systemic Infections -- 13.2.5 Toxin-induced Diseases -- 13.3 S. aureus Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance.

13.3.1 Surface Proteins of S. aureus Implicated in Disease -- 13.3.2 Extracellular Proteins of S. aureus Implicated in Disease -- 13.3.3 The Role of Genetic Plasticity in S. aureus in Virulence and Drug Resistance -- 13.4 MRSA in the Hospital Setting -- 13.5 CA-MRSA -- 13.6 Current Treatment for S. aureus -- 13.6.1 Antibiotic Therapies -- 13.6.2 Coatings -- 13.6.3 Phage Therapy and Lysins -- 13.6.4 Vaccines -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 14 MRSA-resistant Textiles -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Textiles and Microbes -- 14.3 Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties -- 14.4 MRSA-resistant Textiles and a Few Case Studies -- 14.5 Key Issues Associated with MRSA-resistant Textiles -- 14.6 Applications of MRSA-resistant Textiles -- 14.7 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 15 Inhibition of Encrustation in Urological Devices -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Crystalline Biofilm Formation and Encrustation of Urological Devices -- 15.3 Proteus mirabilis and Urological Infections -- 15.4 Strategies to Reduce Bacterial Adhesion, Biofilm Formation and Encrustation in Endourological Devices -- 15.4.1 Heparin Coatings -- 15.4.2 Hydrogel Coatings -- 15.4.3 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings -- 15.4.4 Biomimetic Coatings -- 15.4.5 pH Controlling Coatings -- 15.4.6 Pro-active Coatings -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 16 The Reduction of Restenosis in Cardiovascular Stents -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Intravascular Stent Drug and Gene Delivery -- 16.3 Technology Involved in Stents -- 16.4 Stent Structure Engineering and Biodegradable Stent Materials -- 16.5 Novel Approaches to Stent Surface: Electrical Modifications -- 16.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 17 Manipulation of Interfaces on Vector Materials -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Concept of Vector Effects and Ceramics -- 17.3 Vector Materials -- 17.3.1 Electrovector Materials.

17.3.2 Radioactive Vector Materials.