Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistry -- Contents -- Chapter 1 An Ethical Commitment and an Economic Opportunity -- 1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the Framework of the Ecological Paradigm of Chemistry -- 1.2 Environment and Operator Safety: an Ethical Commitment -- 1.3 Green Chemistry Principles and Green Analytical Chemistry -- 1.4 Strategies for a Green Analytical Chemistry -- 1.5 Cost of Green Analytical Chemistry -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Direct Determination Methods Without Sample Preparation -- 2.1 Remote Sensing and Teledetection Systems -- 2.2 Non-Invasive Methods of Analysis -- 2.3 Direct Analysis of Solid and Liquid Samples Without Sample Damage -- 2.3.1 Elemental Analysis by X-Ray Techniques -- 2.3.2 Molecular Analysis by NMR -- 2.3.3 Molecular Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy -- 2.4 Analysis of Solids Without Using Reagents -- 2.4.1 Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- 2.4.2 Arc and Spark Optical Emission Spectrometry -- 2.4.3 Laser Ablation -- 2.4.4 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 2.4.5 Glow Discharge -- 2.4.6 Desorption Electrospray Ionization -- 2.5 Summary of Present Capabilities of Direct Determinations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 Replacement of Hazardous Solvents and Reagents in Analytical Chemistry -- 3.1 Green Solvents and Reagents: What This Means -- 3.2 Greener Solvents -- 3.2.1 Supercritical Fluids -- 3.2.2 Ionic Liquids -- 3.2.3 Water -- 3.2.4 Green Organic Solvents -- 3.3 Greener Reagents -- 3.3.1 Chelating Agents -- 3.3.2 Derivatization -- 3.3.3 Preservatives -- References -- Chapter 4 Green Sample Preparation Methods -- 4.1 Greening in Sample Preparation -- 4.2 Microwave-Assisted Sample Preparation: Digestion and Extraction -- 4.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Digestion -- 4.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction.

4.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Sample Preparation: Digestion and Extraction -- 4.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Digestion -- 4.3.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction -- 4.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 4.5 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 4.6 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 4.7 Microextraction Techniques -- 4.7.1 Solid-Phase Microextraction -- 4.7.2 Stir Bar Microextraction -- 4.7.3 Liquid Phase Microextraction -- 4.8 Membrane-Based Extraction -- 4.9 Surfactant-Based Sample Preparation Methods -- 4.9.1 Surfactant-Based Extraction -- 4.9.2 Emulsification -- 4.10 Present State of Green Sample Preparation -- References -- Chapter 5 Miniaturization of Analytical Methods -- 5.1 Miniaturization as an Alternative for Green Analytical Chemistry: Strengths and Current Limitations -- 5.2 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for Treatment of Liquid Samples -- 5.2.1 Solvent-Based Miniaturized Extraction Techniques -- 5.2.2 Sorption-Based Miniaturized Extraction Techniques -- 5.3 Miniaturized Analytical Techniques for Treatment of Solid Samples -- 5.3.1 Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion -- 5.3.2 Enhanced Fluid/Solvent Extraction Techniques -- 5.4 Analytical Micro-Systems: From Lab-on-a-Valve to μ-TAS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Green Analytical Chemistry Through Flow Analysis -- 6.1 The Scope of Flow Systems in Chemical Analysis and Green Analytical Chemistry -- 6.2 Brief Description of Flow Systems -- 6.2.1 Segmented Flow Analysis -- 6.2.2 Flow Injection Analysis -- 6.2.3 Sequential Injection Analysis -- 6.2.4 Monosegmented Flow Analysis -- 6.2.5 Multicommutation Approach -- 6.2.6 Multipumping and Multisyringe Flow Systems -- 6.3 Evolution of System Design and Reduction of Waste Generation -- 6.4 Contributions of Flow-Based Procedures to Green Analytical Chemistry -- 6.4.1 Replacement of Hazardous Chemicals -- 6.4.2 Reuse of Chemicals.

6.4.3 Minimization of Reagent Consumption and Waste Generation -- 6.4.4 Waste Treatment -- 6.5 Future Trends in Automation -- References -- Chapter 7 Green Analytical Separation Methods -- 7.1 Why Green Separation Methods Are Needed in Analytical Chemistry -- 7.2 Green Chromatography -- 7.2.1 Gas-Phase Separations -- 7.2.2 Liquid Phase Separations -- 7.3 Miniaturization of Separation Methods -- 7.3.1 Continuous-Flow Microfluidics -- 7.3.2 Droplet and Digital Microfluidics -- 7.3.3 World-to-Chip Interfacing and the Quest for a 'Killer' Application in Microfluidics -- 7.3.4 Non-Instrumental Microfluidic Devices -- 7.4 Challenges in Miniaturization of Separation Methods -- References -- Chapter 8 Green Electroanalysis -- 8.1 The Role of Electroanalytical Chemistry in Green Chemistry -- 8.2 Green Stripping Voltammetric Methods for Trace Analysis of Metal and Organic Pollutants -- 8.2.1 Determination of Trace Metal Ions with Bismuth Film Electrodes -- 8.2.2 Determination of Organic Compounds with Bismuth Electrodes -- 8.2.3 Stripping Voltammetry at Other Modified Electrodes -- 8.3 Electrochemical Sensors as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry -- 8.3.1 Electrochemical Detection in Flow Injection Analysis and Other Injection Techniques -- 8.3.2 Microsystems -- 8.4 Alternative Solvents -- 8.4.1 Ionic Liquids -- 8.4.2 Supercritical Fluids -- 8.5 New Electrode Materials -- 8.5.1 Metal Nanoparticles -- 8.5.2 Hybrid Nanocomposites -- 8.5.3 Oxide Nanoparticles -- 8.5.4 Polymers -- 8.5.5 Solid Amalgams -- 8.6 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 8.6.1 Environmental Applications -- 8.6.2 Biosensors Using Ionic Liquids -- 8.6.3 Natural Biopolymers -- 8.6.4 Microsystems-Based Biosensors -- 8.7 Future Trends in Green Electroanalysis -- References -- Chapter 9 Green Analytical Chemistry in the Determination of Organic Pollutants in the Environment.

9.1 Green Analytical Methodologies for the Analysis of Organic Pollutants -- 9.2. Sample Preparation -- 9.2.1 Solvent-Reduced Techniques -- 9.3 Greening Separation and Detection Techniques -- 9.3.1 Immunochemical Techniques -- 9.3.2 Biosensors -- 9.3.3 Non-Biological Techniques -- 9.4 Future Trends in Organic Pollutants Analysis -- References -- Chapter 10 On-line Decontamination of Analytical Wastes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Recycling of Analytical Wastes: Solvents and Reagents -- 10.3 Degradation of Wastes -- 10.3.1 Thermal Degradation -- 10.3.2 Chemical Oxidation -- 10.3.3 Photocatalytic Degradation -- 10.3.4 Biodegradation -- 10.4 Passivation of Toxic Wastes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.