Clean Energy -- Contents -- Abbreviations, Symbols and Units Used in Text -- Glossary of Terms -- Chapter 1 Energy Production and Use -- 1.1 A Brief History of Energy Technology -- Coal -- Petroleum -- Electricity -- Natural Gas -- 1.2 World Energy Supply - The Present Scene -- 1.3 World Energy Supply - Projections to 2020 -- 1.4 Fossil Fuel Reserves -- Oil and Gas -- Tar Sands, Asphalts, Oil Shales and Bitumen -- Coal -- 1.5 The Overall Energy - Environment Problem -- 1.6 Prospects for Renewable Energy -- 1.7 References -- Chapter 2 Clean Fuels -- 2.1 Clean-burning fuels -- Natural Gas -- Liquefied Petroleum Gas -- 2.2 Developments in Petroleum Technology -- Exhaust Catalyst Technology -- 2.3 Clean Coal Technologies -- Coal Gasification -- Ultra-clean Coal -- Coal Liquefaction -- 2.4 Alcohols and Bio-fuels -- Methanol -- Ethanol -- Bio-diesel -- 2.5 Hydrogen - The Ultimate Fuel -- 2.6 Electricity - A Clean Secondary Fuel -- 2.7 References -- Chapter 3 Electricity Generation -- 3.1 Electricity Generation Statistics -- 3.2 Coal-fired Electricity Plant -- 3.3 Oil-fired and Gas-fired Electricity Plant -- 3.4 Combined Heat and Power (Co-generation) -- 3.5 Nuclear Power -- Reactor Physics -- Reactor Design -- Water-cooled Reactors -- High-temperature Reactors -- Fuel Reprocessing and Fast-breeder Reactors -- The Future of Nuclear Energy -- 3.6 Nuclear Fusion -- 3.7 Distributed Generation -- 3.8 Renewables and Energy Storage -- 3.9 De-regulation of Electricity Markets -- 3.10 References -- Chapter 4 Renewable Energy - Thermal -- 4.1 Biomass: Agricultural and Forestry Wastes -- Straw -- Poultry Litter -- Forestry Wastes -- Wet Agricultural Wastes -- 4.2 Biomass: Energy Crops -- Ligno-cellulosic Crops -- Wood -- Grasses -- Sugar and Starch Crops -- Oil Crops -- 4.3 Biomass: Municipal Solid Waste -- Combustion, Gasification and Pyrolysis -- Bio-digestion.

Landfill -- 4.4 Solar Heating -- Passive Solar Heating -- Active Solar Heating and Cooling -- Solar High-temperature Processes -- 4.5 Geothermal Energy -- Geothermal Aquifers -- Hot Dry Rocks -- Geothermal Heat Pumps -- Brines and Magma -- 4.6 References -- Chapter 5 Renewable Energy - Electrical -- 5.1 Hydroelectricity -- 5.2 Wind Energy -- On-shore Wind Generation -- Off-shore Wind Generation -- 5.3 Tidal Energy -- Tidal Barrages -- Marine Currents -- 5.4 Wave Energy -- 5.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 5.6 Solar Energy -- Principles and Construction of Solar (Photovoltaic) Cells, Modules and Arrays -- Performance of Solar (Photovoltaic) Cells, Modules and Arrays -- Applications of Solar (Photovoltaic) Cells, Modules and Arrays -- Organic Photovoltaic Devices -- Dye-sensitized Solar Cells -- 5.7 References -- Chapter 6 Why Store Electricity? -- 6.1 Candidate Energy-storage Systems -- 6.2 Energy Storage for Electricity Supply Networks -- Applications of Energy Storage within the Network -- Electricity Demand Profile -- Storage Options and their Limitations -- Experience with Battery Energy-storage Systems -- 6.3 Uninterruptible Power Supplies -- 6.4 Storage of Distributed Electricity -- 6.5 Storage of Renewable Electricity -- 6.5 References -- Chapter 7 Physical Techniques for Storing Energy -- 7.1 Thermal Energy Storage -- Sensible Heat Storage -- Phase-change Storage -- Thermochemical Storage -- 7.2 Potential Energy Storage -- Pumped Hydro -- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 7.3 Kinetic Energy Storage in Flywheels -- 7.4 Superconducting Electromagnetic Energy Storage (SMES) -- 7.5 Electrostatic Energy Storage (ESES) -- Chapter 8 Hydrogen Energy -- 8.1 Hydrogen Production -- 8.2 Hydrogen Distribution and Storage -- Gaseous Hydrogen -- Liquid Hydrogen -- Metal Hydrides -- Chemical and Related Storage -- Hydrogen Storage on Road Vehicles.

8.3 Fuel Cells to Generate Electricity -- Stationary Power -- Portable Power -- Power for Road Transportation -- 8.4 Prospects for Hydrogen -- Chapter 9 Battery Storage -- 9.1 Lead-Acid Batteries -- Traditional Flat-plate Batteries -- Low-maintenance Flat-plate Batteries -- Tubular-plate Batteries -- Valve-regulated Batteries -- 9.2 Alkaline Batteries -- Nickel-Cadmium Batteries -- Nickel-Metal-hydride Batteries -- Nickel-Zinc Batteries -- Zinc-Air Batteries -- 9.3 Flow Batteries -- Zinc-Bromine Batteries -- Redox Batteries -- 9.4 Sodium Batteries -- Sodium-Sulfur Batteries -- Sodium-Nickel-chloride Batteries -- 9.5 Lithium Batteries -- Lithium-ion Batteries -- Lithium-Polymer Batteries -- 9.6 Prospects for Batteries -- 9.7 References -- Chapter 10 Electric Propulsion -- 10.1 Traditional Vehicles -- Tramcars and Trolleybuses -- Railways and Metros -- Marine Craft -- Off-road Vehicles -- 10.2 Battery Electric Road Vehicles -- Delivery Vans -- Buses -- Cars -- 10.3 Novel Electric Vehicles -- Electric Racing Cars -- Solar-powered Cars -- 10.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles -- Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles -- Practical Hybrid Electric Vehicles -- 10.5 Fuel-Cell Vehicles -- 10.6 References -- Chapter 11 Towards 2020 -- 11.1 Greenhouse Gases and the Koyoto Protocol -- 11.2 Energy Conservation -- Space Heating of Buildings -- Lighting -- Transportation -- 11.3 Fossil Fuels -- Petroleum -- Natural Gas and Liquefied Petroleum Gas -- 11.4 Electricity Generation -- 11.5 Renewable Energy -- 11.6 Energy Storage -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- Appendix Conversion Factors -- Subject Index.