Hydrogen Energy -- Contents -- Abbreviations, Symbols and Units Used in Text -- Glossary of Terms -- Conversion Factors for Units and Useful Quantities -- Chapter 1 Why Hydrogen Energy? -- 1.1 Security of Energy Supplies -- 1.2 Climate Change (Global Warming) -- 1.3 Atmospheric Pollution -- 1.4 Electricity Generation -- 1.5 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 1.6 A Note of Caution -- References -- Chapter 2 Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels and Biomass -- 2.1 Present and Projected Uses for Hydrogen -- 2.2 Natural Gas -- 2.3 Reforming of Natural Gas -- 2.3.1 Gas Separation Processes -- 2.3.2 Characteristics of Steam Reforming of Methane -- 2.3.3 Solar-Thermal Reforming -- 2.4 Partial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons -- 2.5 Other Processes -- 2.5.1 Autothermal Reforming -- 2.5.2 Sorbent-enhanced Reforming -- 2.5.3 Plasma Reforming -- 2.6 Membrane Developments for Gas Separation -- 2.6.1 Membrane Types -- 2.6.2 Membrane Reactors -- 2.7 Coal and Other Fuels -- 2.7.1 Gasification Technology -- 2.7.1.1 Entrained-flow Gasifier -- 2.7.1.2 Moving-bed Gasifier -- 2.7.1.3 Fluidized-bed Gasifier -- 2.7.2 Combined-cycle Processes -- 2.7.3 FutureGen Project -- 2.8 Biomass -- 2.8.1 Dry Biomass -- 2.8.2 Wet Biomass -- 2.9 Basic Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 3 Carbon Sequestration -- 3.1 The Scale of Carbon Sequestration -- 3.2 Capture of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.2.1 Post-combustion Capture -- 3.2.2 Oxy-fuel Combustion -- 3.2.3 Chemical Looping Combustion -- 3.2.4 Pre-combustion Capture -- 3.3 Storage Options -- 3.3.1 Geological Storage -- 3.3.1.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 3.3.1.2 Depleted Oil and Gas Fields -- 3.3.1.3 Saline Aquifers -- 3.3.1.4 Coal Seams -- 3.3.1.5 Oil or Gas Shales -- 3.3.1.6 Basalts -- 3.3.1.7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3.1.8 Salt Caverns -- 3.3.1.9 Overall Prospects -- 3.3.2 Monitoring and Verification -- 3.3.3 Mineral Carbonation -- 3.3.4 Ocean Storage.

3.3.4.1 Direct Approach -- 3.3.4.2 Indirect Approach -- 3.3.4.3 Atmosphere-Ocean Equilibrium -- 3.3.5 Biological Storage -- 3.3.6 Re-use of Carbon Dioxide -- 3.4 Transport to Storage Site -- 3.5 Institutional Issues -- 3.6 The Way Ahead -- References -- Chapter 4 Hydrogen from Water -- 4.1 Electrolysis -- 4.2 Electrolyzers -- 4.3 Water Splitting with Solar Energy -- 4.3.1 Photovoltaic Cells -- 4.3.2 Solar-Thermal Process -- 4.3.3 Photo-electrochemical Cells -- 4.3.3.1 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells -- 4.3.3.2 Direct Hydrogen Production -- 4.3.3.3 Tandem Cells -- 4.3.4 Photo-biochemical Cells -- 4.4 Thermochemical Hydrogen Production -- 4.4.1 Sulfur-Iodine Cycle -- 4.4.2 Westinghouse Cycle -- 4.4.3 Sulfur-Ammonia Cycle -- 4.4.4 Metal Oxide Cycles -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 Hydrogen Distribution and Storage -- 5.1 Strategic Considerations -- 5.2 Distribution and Bulk Storage of Gaseous Hydrogen -- 5.2.1 Gas Cylinders -- 5.2.2 Pipelines -- 5.2.3 Large-scale Storage -- 5.3 Liquid Hydrogen -- 5.4 Metal Hydrides -- 5.5 Chemical and Related Storage -- 5.5.1 Simple Hydrogen-bearing Chemicals -- 5.5.2 Complex Chemical Hydrides -- 5.5.3 Nanostructured Materials -- 5.6 Hydrogen Storage on Road Vehicles -- References -- Chapter 6 Fuel Cells -- 6.1 Fuel Cell History -- 6.2 Why Fuel Cells? -- 6.3 Fuel Cell Operation -- 6.4 Types of Fuel Cell: Low-to-Medium Temperature -- 6.4.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) -- 6.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) -- 6.4.3 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell (DBFC) -- 6.4.4 Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) -- 6.4.5 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) -- 6.4.6 Miniature Fuel Cells -- 6.5 Types of Fuel Cell: High Temperature -- 6.5.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) -- 6.5.1.1 Internal Reforming -- 6.5.2 Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) -- 6.5.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) -- 6.6 Fuel Cell Efficiencies.

6.7 Applications for Fuel Cells -- 6.7.1 Large Stationary Power Generation -- 6.7.2 Small Stationary Power Generation -- 6.7.3 Mobile Power -- 6.7.4 Portable Power -- 6.8 Prognosis for Fuel Cells -- References -- Chapter 7 Hydrogen-fuelled Transportation -- 7.1 Conventional Vehicles and Fuels -- 7.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 7.2.1 Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles -- 7.2.1.1 Cars -- 7.2.1.2 Buses -- 7.2.1.3 Batteries -- 7.2.2 Conventional versus Hybrid Vehicles -- 7.3 'Green' Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines -- 7.4 Hydrogen-fuelled Internal Combustion Engines -- 7.4.1 Road Vehicles -- 7.4.2 Aircraft -- 7.5 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) -- 7.5.1 Buses -- 7.5.2 Delivery Vehicles -- 7.5.3 Cars (Automobiles) -- 7.5.4 Other Vehicles -- 7.5.5 Submarines -- 7.6 Hydrogen Highways -- 7.7 Efficiency Calculations and Fuel Consumption -- References -- Chapter 8 Hydrogen Energy: The Future? -- 8.1 World-wide Energy Problems -- 8.1.1 Security of Energy Supply -- 8.1.2 Climate Change -- 8.2 Hydrogen Energy: The Challenges -- 8.2.1 Production -- 8.2.2 Distribution and Storage -- 8.2.3 Fuel Cells -- 8.3 The Role of Government -- 8.3.1 Energy Conservation Policies -- 8.3.2 Energy Diversification -- 8.3.2.1 Electricity -- 8.3.2.2 Transportation -- 8.3.3 Carbon Emissions -- 8.3.4 Renewable Energy -- 8.4 Hydrogen Energy: The Prospects -- Subject Index.