Innovations in Fuel Cell Technologies -- Contents -- Part 1: Micro-applications and Micro-systems -- Chapter 1 Printed Enzymatic Current Sources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Enzyme Catalysts in Fuel Cells -- 1.3 Enzyme-based Microsystems for Power Production -- 1.3.1 Biofuel Cells Constructed in a Liquid Chamber -- 1.3.2 Miniature Membraneless Biofuel Cells -- 1.3.3 Biofuel Cell Constructions Suitable for Large-scale Production -- 1.4 Printing Processes as Manufacturing Methods for Power Sources -- 1.4.1 Types of Thin and Printable Power Sources -- 1.5 Enzymes in Mass-production Applications -- 1.6 Printing and Coating of Enzymes -- 1.6.1 Screen Printing -- 1.6.2 Inkjet Printing -- 1.7 Printed Biofuel Cells -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Potential of Multilayer Ceramics for Micro Fuel Cells -- 2.1 Challenges of Micro Fuel Cell System Development -- 2.1.1 Cost of Assembly -- 2.1.2 Component Failures -- 2.2 Introduction to Multilayer Ceramics -- 2.3 Fuel Cell Relevant Subsystems and Geometries -- 2.3.1 Geometrical Shaping -- 2.3.2 Relevant Features of Fuel Cells -- 2.4 Examples -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Part 2: High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- Chapter 3 Trends in High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 3.2.1 Tafel Slope and Reaction Pathway -- 3.2.2 The Adsorption of Phosphoric Acid Molecules and Phosphate Anions on Platinum -- 3.2.3 Enhanced ORR Activity: Platinum Alloy Catalysts and Alternative Electrolytes -- 3.3 Membrane Polymers -- 3.4 Catalyst and Diffusion Layer Development and Membrane Electrode Assembly Manufacture -- 3.5 Fuel Cell Performance and Durability -- 3.6 Stacks -- 3.7 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4 Large Auxiliary Power Units for Vessels and Airplanes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Motivation.

4.3 Conditions for Auxiliary Power Unit Operation -- 4.3.1 Aeronautical Applications -- 4.3.2 Maritime Applications -- 4.4 Fuel Cell Technologies -- 4.4.1 Fuel Cell Types and their Applicability for Large Auxiliary Power Unit Systems -- 4.4.2 Fuels for Large Auxiliary Power Units -- 4.4.3 Fuel Processors -- 4.4.4 Fuel Cell Systems -- 4.5 System Evaluation -- 4.5.1 Focus on Aeronautical Systems -- 4.5.2 Focus on Maritime Systems -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Part 3: Novel Fuels -- Chapter 5 Going Beyond Hydrogen: Non-hydrogen Fuels, Re-oxidation and Impurity Effects on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Carbonaceous Fuels -- 5.2.1 Fuel Resources and Processing Options -- 5.2.2 Conventional Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes -- 5.2.3 Improved Anodes -- 5.3 Other Alternatives to Hydrogen -- 5.3.1 Ammonia -- 5.3.2 Hydrogen sulfide -- References -- Chapter 6 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells -- 6.1 Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbon -- 6.1.1 Thermodynamics -- 6.1.2 Mechanism -- 6.1.3 Boudouard Reaction -- 6.2 Different Types of Direct Carbon Fuel Cells -- 6.2.1 Molten Carbonate Electrolyte -- 6.2.2 Molten Hydroxide Electrolyte -- 6.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolyte -- 6.2.4 Other Concepts -- 6.3 Comparison of Different Carbon Fuels -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part 4: Modelling and Lifetime Prediction -- Chapter 7 Integrating Degradation into Fuel Cell Models and Lifetime Prediction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Background -- 7.3 Basic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Modelling Theory -- 7.4 Calculations and Results -- 7.4.1 Determining the Area Specific Resistance -- 7.4.2 Experimental Validation -- 7.4.3 Simulation of the Current-Voltage Behaviour -- 7.5 Degradation Monitoring by Area Specific Resistance Simulation -- 7.6 Extensions of the Model -- 7.7 A Simple Lifetime Prediction Model -- 7.7.1 Some Literature Results.

7.7.2 Development of a Non-linear Area Specific Resistance Over Time Behaviour -- 7.8 Calculations -- 7.8.1 Constant Current Density -- 7.8.2 Varying Local Current Density and Fuel Utilisation Influence -- 7.8.3 Change of Local Current Density and Area Specific Resistance Profile over Time -- 7.9 Conclusions -- 7.10 List of Symbols Used in this Chapter -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Accelerated Lifetime Testing for Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Background -- 8.3 Experimental Design -- 8.4 Testing -- 8.4.1 First Generation Testing: Pot Tests and Corrosion Potential Measurement -- 8.4.2 Second Generation Testing: Potential Control and Monitor Current -- 8.4.3 Third Generation Testing: Inter-cell Effects -- 8.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 5: Hydrogen Generation and Reversible Fuel Cells -- Chapter 9 Electrolysis Using Fuel Cell Technology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Low-temperature Electrolysis -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Commercial Systems -- 9.2.3 Performance -- 9.2.4 Development Issues -- 9.3 High-temperature Steam Electrolysis -- 9.3.1 Introduction -- 9.3.2 Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cells -- 9.3.3 High-temperature Electrolyser Stacks -- 9.3.4 System Development -- 9.3.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Hydrogen Production by Internal Reforming Fuel Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 International Developments Reported in Literature -- 10.3 Co-production of Hydrogen and Power -- 10.3.1 Mode 1: High-efficiency Mode -- 10.3.2 Mode 2: Constant-current Mode -- 10.3.3 Mode 3: High-power Mode or Constant (Low) Voltage Mode -- 10.4 The 'Superwind Concept' -- 10.5 Hydrogen Production from Carbon Using a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part 6: Outlook -- Chapter 11 Products, not Technology: Some Thoughts on Market Introduction Processes -- 11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Background -- 11.3 Technology Phasing-in versus Disruptive Development -- 11.4 Battling Incumbent Technology -- 11.5 Paradigm Shifts and Succession of Generations -- 11.6 Transforming Technology into Products -- 11.7 Added Value, Special Markets and Allowable Cost -- 11.8 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.